Abstract: An electronic device and its pairing process and pairing monitoring process is provided, which, though relatively simple, can correctly judge if the electronic device connected to a host device and multiple sub-devices is a certified pair so that the replacement by an illegal sub-device can be detected. An electronic device that implements the process according to the command from the host device has a control unit. The control unit controls the electronic device and multiple sub-devices. The sub-devices have reference data memory sections that store reference data specific to the sub-devices. The control unit has a comparing section that refers to the reference data of each of the multiple sub-devices.

Abstract: A method for downloading software from a host device to an electronic device through a communication line, which, even when the download is interrupted, can simplify the procedure to restart the download while maintaining security. In the method, a certificate of authenticity data, which the card reader has obtained from the HOST computer, is stored in the non volatile memory. The download of the software from the HOST computer to the card reader is executed. The verification of authenticity data is obtained by calculation with respect to the downloaded software. This verification of authenticity data is then compared with the certificate of authenticity data obtained from the HOST computer, and the downloaded software is run when the certificate of authenticity data matches the verification of authenticity data.

Abstract: A memory block having a plurality of parameter data including parameter data to be updated is read to a working area from a nonvolatile memory and, whether the plurality of parameter data is correct or not is checked on a basis of error detection data. When an error is detected, temporary updating data are generated in a working area by updating the parameter data to be updated to a specified parameter data and by updating data except the parameter data to be updated to an unspecified data that have no meaning, and then the temporary updating data are written into the nonvolatile memory.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory may include a count data region provided in a memory region which is counted up according to an updating data and a fiat number of times managing region provided in a memory region which manages the full-counted number of times of the count data region. The nonvolatile memory may include a second number of times managing region which manages the full-counted number of times of the first number of times managing region. The nonvolatile memory is preferably utilized in an electronic device such as a card reader to detect the expiration of service lifetimes of the structural components of the electronic device.

Abstract: A slave device communicating with a host device may include a program for controlling operation of the slave device. The program may include a discriminating function for discriminating types of communication interfaces through a control part provided in the slave device which controls the communication interfaces, a communicating function for communicating with the host device through the communication interface, an analyzing function for analyzing a command transmitted from the host device by utilizing a module to execute processing corresponding to each of the communication interfaces, and a controlling function for controlling operation of the slave device depending on a command after analyzing is executed by utilizing a single module which is not dependent on the communication interfaces.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory may include a plurality of blocks as a unit for performing writing and erasing of data which is stored in the respective blocks. The block may include a write data area in which data is written and stored, a correlative code area in which a correlative code indicating a correlation between the data which are written in the respective write data areas of the respective blocks is stored, and an inspection data area in which inspection data required in inspection is stored in the respective blocks for inspecting the validity of the data.

Abstract: A memory block having a plurality of parameter data including parameter data to be updated is read to a working area from a nonvolatile memory and, whether the plurality of parameter data is correct or not is checked on a basis of error detection data. When an error is detected, temporary updating data are generated in a working area by updating the parameter data to be updated to a specified parameter data and by updating data except the parameter data to be updated to an unspecified data that have no meaning, and then the temporary updating data are written into the nonvolatile memory.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory may include a count data region provided in a memory region which is counted up according to an updating data and a fiat number of times managing region provided in a memory region which manages the full-counted number of times of the count data region. The nonvolatile memory may include a second number of times managing region which manages the full-counted number of times of the first number of times managing region The nonvolatile memory is preferably utilized in an electronic device such as a card reader to detect the expiration of service lifetimes of the structural components of the electronic device.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory may include a plurality of blocks as a unit for performing writing and erasing of data which is stored in the respective blocks. The block may include a write data area in which data is written and stored, a correlative code area in which a correlative code indicating a correlation between the data which are written in the respective write data areas of the respective blocks is stored, and an inspection data area in which inspection data required in inspection is stored in the respective blocks for inspecting the validity of the data.

Abstract: A slave device communicating with a host device may include a program for controlling operation of the slave device. The program may include a discriminating function for discriminating types of communication interfaces through a control part provided in the slave device which controls the communication interfaces, a communicating function for communicating with the host device through the communication interface, an analyzing function for analyzing a command transmitted from the host device by utilizing a module to execute processing corresponding to each of the communication interfaces, and a controlling function for controlling operation of the slave device depending on a command after analyzing is executed by utilizing a single module which is not dependent on the communication interfaces.

Abstract: A method for updating data in a nonvolatile memory is provided. The method comprises the steps of writing in a RAM data stored in a data writing region of the non-volatile memory, updating the data in the RAM, updating a data error detection region in the RAM based on the data updated, writing in data saving region of the non-volatile memory the data updated in the RAM, updating an end flag region of the data saving region, deleting the data from the data writing region, writing in the data writing region the data in the RAM, updating an end flag region of the data writing region, and deleting the data from the data saving region.

Abstract: A brushless motor capable of increasing energy density by effective utilization of reluctance torque. The brushless motor comprises a stator (5) and a rotor (1) having a lateral surface opposed to the stator (5). The stator (5) comprises a plurality of radially extending iron cores (10) and a plurality of windings (11) for generating a magnetic field in each iron core (10). The rotor (1) comprises a plurality of permanent magnets (2) and a magnetic field line inducing body disposed between each permanent magnet (2) and the lateral surface.

Abstract: In a nonvolatile memory such as flash memory where data is stored sector by sector, a method of overwriting a data sector is provided. The old data to be overwritten in a data sector along with its error detection code are initially saved to a backup region which is also in a non-volatile area. The old data in the data sector is then erased and new data along with its own error detection code are written into the same data sector where the old data was previously stored. When a power outage occurs during the overwrite process, error checking is performed to determine whether the data in the data sector is valid using the associated error detection code. Because the old data is saved in a non-volatile area, even if such unexpected power outage occurs during the overwrite process and the data in the data sector is determined to be invalid, at least the old data can be recovered from the non-volatile backup region which is not affected by the power outage.

Abstract: A universal serial bus (USB) communication method includes determining in advance a communication data format between a host computer and a device driver so that a packet formed by the communication data format includes a report ID that indicates a size of the packet and transmission data, adding, at a time of transmission, the report ID indicating the size to the transmission data at a head portion of the packet and transmitting the packet with the report ID.

Abstract: A method for updating data in a nonvolatile memory is provided. The method comprises the steps of writing in a RAM data stored in a data writing region of the non-volatile memory, updating the data in the RAM, updating a data error detection region in the RAM based on the data updated, writing in data saving region of the non-volatile memory the data updated in the RAM, updating an end flag region of the data saving region, deleting the data from the data writing region, writing in the data writing region the data in the RAM, updating an end flag region of the data writing region, and deleting the data from the data saving region.

Abstract: A method of overwriting nonvolatile memory data in which data of interest is stored sector by sector comprises, when overwriting data of interest, the steps of providing a backup region having at least the same memory capacity as the sector to which data to be overwritten belongs, pre-overwriting data in the sector to which data to be overwritten belongs is first written in the backup region, then, erasing data to be overwritten pre-overwrite from the sector and then post-overwriting data written in the sector together with an error detection code for the post-overwrite data.

Abstract: A brushless motor capable of increasing energy density by effective utilization of reluctance torque. The brushless motor comprises a stator (5) and a rotor (1) having a lateral surface opposed to the stator (5). The stator (5) comprises a plurality of radially extending iron cores (10) and a plurality of windings (11) for generating a magnetic field in each iron core (10). The rotor (1) comprises a plurality of permanent magnets (2) and a magnetic field line inducing body disposed between each permanent magnet (2) and the lateral surface.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a power failure managing device in a system including a backup power source; a CPU having a processing unit that detects a power failure and actuates the backup power source upon detecting the power failure; and a rewritable memory that records the status of the system at the moment of the power failure; wherein if the CPU determines that the backup power source is not properly functioning at the moment of the power failure, information from the backup power source is recorded in the memory.

Abstract: A processing system for radioactive waste is composed of an adjusting tank having a sampling port, a solidification processing system, and a package inspection apparatus, and a package, of which inventory per a package has been exactly grasped, is prepared by solidification of the waste with the processing system after determining radioactivity of the waste by measurement before the solidifying process.In accordance with the present invention, data on radioactivity before and after preparation of package of waste become clear, and management of each package at transportation and intermediate storage of the packages is facilitated.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of solidifying radioactive waste with cement, comprising forming a mixture comprising water, a hydrophilic material and cement substantially non-shrinkable or expansible with respect to volume change upon hardening, mixing said mixture with the radioactive waste, followed by hardening to form a solid body.The present invention enables the formation of a compact solid body having voids, such as capillary voids, of reduced volume, which makes it possible to reduce the leaching rate of hazardous materials. Further, since no shrinkage accompanies hardening, no tensile stress occurs in the cement surrounding minute waste particles within the hardened material, thereby enabling a decrease in the strength of the solid body to be minimized. This in turn enables an increase in the amount of packing of waste. Prior addition of a hydrophilic material enables the cement fluidity before hardening to be maintained even after complete absorption of water by a water absorptive waste.