Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing substances by coexisting an object matter with water held at temperature above 200° C. to carry out chemical reactions such as severing of molecular chains, recombination and decoupling occluded molecules, oxidation and reduction reactions. A mixture phase containing an object matter and a liquid medium is subjected to a super-critical state of a medium in a super-critical reaction apparatus, where feed inlets are provided on the upper end, and a product outlet is provided on the lower end. In the interior of the apparatus, the super-critical zone is provided above and the sub-critical zone is provided below, and the object matter and the reaction products are progressed towards a lower end of a reaction chamber in one direction.

Abstract: A hydrothermal reaction is performed on an aqueous medium without adding an oxidizing agent, and then another hydrothermal reaction is performed in the presence of an oxidizing agent, thereby reducing a chemical oxygen demand of the aqueous medium. An apparatus for performing a hydrothermal reaction has a fluid inlet being capable of introducing an oxidizing agent in a fluid form during a hydrothermal reaction.

Abstract: The improved method of converting organic wastes to valuable resources comprises a methane fermentation step (4) in which a slurry of organic waste is retained for fermentation in an anaerobic digester to thereby generate a methane-containing gas and a fermentation slurry, a hydrothermal treatment step (11) in which the fermentation slurry is subjected to a hydrothermal reaction to thereby generate a carbon slurry, and a concentrating step (14) in which an aqueous phase is separated from the carbon slurry to thereby yield a concentrated carbon slurry having a high heating value. The method is capable of performing an effective hydrothermal treatment on a slurry of low water content, prevents the slurry from putrefaction during retention in the process and it yet is capable of effective treatment of the aqueous phase of the slurry after the hydrothermal treatment.

Abstract: A hydrothermal reaction is performed on an aqueous medium without adding an oxidizing agent, and then another hydrothermal reaction is performed in the presence of an oxidizing agent, thereby reducing a chemical oxygen demand of the aqueous medium. An apparatus for performing a hydrothermal reaction has a fluid inlet being capable of introducing an oxidizing agent in a fluid form during a hydrothermal reaction.

Abstract: A waste containing organic solids is fed into a boiler after it has been subjected to a hydrothermal reaction treatment in the presence of water. A slurry containing the waste is held under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions to cause a hydrothermal reaction such that an acidic slurry is formed during part of or throughout the process of the hydrothermal reaction. Thereby the content of oxygen in the waste relative to carbon atoms in building molecules of the waste is reduced. This concurrently causes removal of halogens in said building molecule and transferring the halogens into the slurry. The slurry then is cooled and dewatered and fed into a combustion section of the boiler. The waste slurry to be subjected to the hydrothermal reaction can be sorted into two portions for separate storage. One portion is a waste slurry the pH of which will increase as a result of the hydrothermal reaction. The other portion is a waste slurry the pH of which will decrease during the hydrothermal reaction.

Abstract: An improved apparatus for submerged grinding of wastes includes a vessel that is filled with an alkaline liquid and which has a mechanism for grinding a feed waste containing organic solids, a feeding mechanism for charging the feed waste into the vessel, a primary screening mechanism for filtering the liquid being discharged from the grinding mechanism and a secondary screening mechanism by which the waste/liquid mixture that has been filtered by the primary classification mechanism is freed of the liquid fraction such that the waste is converted into a slurry.

Abstract: An internal recycling type fluidized bed boiler includes a primary fluidized bed incinerating chamber constructed by an air diffusion plate, and an inclined partition wall provided above a portion of the diffusion plate where the mass flow of the air injected from the diffusion plate is greater than that from another portion so as to interfere with the upward flow of the fluidizing air injected from that portion and deflect it towards the portion above the diffusion plate where the mass flow of gas injected is smaller. A thermal energy recovery chamber is formed between the inclined partition wall and a side wall of an incinerator. The inclined partition wall is inclined by 10.degree.-60.degree. relative to the horizontal and is arranged such that the length of its projection in the horizontal direction is 1/6-1/2 of the horizontal length of the bottom of the incinerator bottom.

Abstract: A control circuit (B) is adapted the steam pressure at a boiler drum (17) which receives heat from a incineration chamber (3) in a fluidized bed type boiler (A, C) to be correlated to the thermal energy to be recovered and transferred to the boiler drum and to improve a responsiveness for the suppressed control of increase or decrease of the steam pressure caused by variation of a steam load. The velocity of heat recovery is controlled in accordance with the steam pressure in the boiler drum (17) which is detected by a pressure gauge (20b) and a combustibles supply unit (12, 13, 14) for supplying combustibles to the boilers (A, C) is also controlled accordingly.

Abstract: A method of incinerating all kinds of wastes such as municipal waste, waste plastics, industrial waste, various kinds of waste slurries and waste liquid, etc. or fuels such as coal, oil cokes and bark, etc. using a fluidized bed type incinerator which employs a granular material as a fluidizing medium, said granular material comprising TiO.sub.2 or Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, particularly anatase-type TiO.sub.2 or .alpha.-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, as the primary component thereof.

Abstract: A thermal reactor which utilizes a fluidizing bed includes a thermal energy recovery chamber having a heat exchanger therein. Fluidizing medium disposed in the fluidizing bed is supplied into the thermal energy recovery chamber due to circulation of the fluidizing medium within the fluidizing bed. The fluidizing medium is passed through the thermal energy recovery chamber such that thermal energy present in the fluidizing medium is transferred to the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A thermal reactor of fluidizing bed type includes a thermal recovering arrangement. A part of a fluidizing medium is supplied into the thermal energy recovering arrangement so as to pass therethrough, whereby; thermal energy is recovered by a heat exchanger disposed in the recovering arrangement.

Abstract: Irradiation treatment of an effluent gas by means of electron beams can be carried out efficiently by controlling the velocity and the velocity distribution of the stream of gas when it passes through a zone to be irradiated. Such control can be effected conveniently according to the present invention by first introducing the stream of gas into a velocity reduction zone and then leading it to a velocity re-accelerating and velocity distribution adjusting zone immediately before the thus adjusted stream of gas reaches the zone to be irradiated.An apparatus suitable for practicing such process is also disclosed.

Abstract: Irradiation treatment of an effluent gas by means of electron beams can be carried out efficiently by controlling the velocity and the velocity distribution of the stream of gas when it passes through a zone to be irradiated. Such control can be effected conveniently according to the present invention by first introducing the stream of gas into a velocity reduction zone and then leading it to a velocity re-accelerating and velocity distribution adjusting zone immediately before the thus adjusted stream of gas reaches the zone to be irradiated.An apparatus suitable for practicing such process is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of detecting a broken foil that closes the opening of the window of the reaction vessel of an apparatus for treating waste gas with irradiation is disclosed. The detection is accomplished by monitoring a change in the window cooling gas.