Abstract: A micro-tip for detecting tunneling current, micro force or magnetic force is manufactured as follows. A recess portion is formed on the surface of a first substrate. A peeling layer are formed on the substrate including the recess of the first substrate. A micro-tip is formed on the peeling layer of the first substrate. A joining layer is formed on a second substrate. The micro-tip on the peeling layer including the recess in the first substrate is transferred onto the joining layer on the second substrate. The peeling layer mainly consists of an oxide or a nitride, of a metal element, a semi-metal element or a semiconductor element.

Abstract: A hard coating formed on a substrate material and having a first layer and a second layer of which, the first layer is a compound composed of one or more types of metallic elements selected to include at least aluminum or titanium from a group comprising aluminum, titanium and silicon; and also selected from one or more types of non-metallic elements from a group comprising boron, carbon and nitrogen, and the second layer is a lamination of AlBN on the surface.

Abstract: A micro-tip is manufactured by forming a recess portion on a first substrate consisting of monocrystalline silicon for forming a tip. A peeling layer is formed on the recess portion, and contact layer is formed on at least a portion other than the peeling layer on the substrate. A tip material layer is formed on the peeling layer and the contact layer. The tip material layer on the peeling layer is transferred onto a second substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides an X-ray mask structure having an X-ray transmissive membrane, an X-ray absorber held on an X-ray transmissive membrane, and a holding frame that holds the X-ray transmissive membrane, and the X-ray transmissive membrane has a layer of aluminum nitride, and the X-ray absorber has a heavy metal nitride.

Abstract: Processes for the isolation of a telechelic isobutylene polymer in a non-aqueous system to prevent the generation of waste water having a solvent dissolved therein and processes for the preparation of a telechelic isobutylene polymer having more advantageous unsaturated groups. A process for the isolation of an isobutylene polymer includes a cationic polymerization reaction in a non-aqueous system in the presence of a catalyst MX.sub.n wherein M represents a metallic atom and X may be the same or different and represents a halogen atom or a monovalent hydrocarbon group. The process comprises conducting the cationic polymerization reaction, conducting a ligand exchange reaction of said catalyst, and then removing a component containing M.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a WC--Co alloy in which substantially only the WC particles of a surface layer or components other than metals belonging to the iron group and only the WC particles are exposed, and (a) an average particle diameter of the WC particles of the surface layer is larger than that of the WC particles of the interior, and/or (b) a surface hardness is higher than that of the interior. The WC--Co alloy itself is Used as a stock for a cutting tool or an abrasion and sliding resistant tool, or the alloy is used as a substrate and a hard carbon-layer excellent in adhesive strength is coated on the surface of the matrix.

Abstract: A probe of torsion lever structure is provided with a flat-plate driving unit formed on a substrate with a gap therebetween, two beams positioned along a straight line parallel to the substrate and rotatably supporting the flat plate-shaped driving unit relative to the substrate, a drive device for driving the flat plate-shaped driving unit, and a tip for information input/output provided at an end of the flat plate-shaped driving unit. The two beams are provided at a position between the end of the flat plate-shaped driving unit and the other end thereof, closer to the other end than the center between the end and the other end of the flat plate-shaped driving unit.

Abstract: In a system for displaying map information, an object base storage unit stores an object base relating to relational objects, a map data base storage unit stores a map data base relating to figure elements of map data, and an attribute data base storage unit stores an attribute data base relating to attribute data related to the figure elements of the map data. In response to an input command, a head one of the relational objects is retrieved from the object base, and entity objects are desired from a head relational object by referring to the object base, so that each of the desired entity objects is processed. The map data retrieving section retrieves the map data from the map data base in response to the processing of each map data entity object of the derived entity objects, and the attribute data retrieving section retrieves the attribute data from the attribute data base in response to the execution of each of attribute data entity objects of the derived entity objects.

Abstract: An MIM type electric element has an upper electrode, a lower electrode, and a barrier layer held therebetween and composed of an insulator or a semiconductor. The lower electrode contains a noble metal crystal having a facet of a plate-shaped crystal formed on a substrate. The facet has a plane given by the crystal face (111) and contains a region having a plane orientation variance angle of not more than 1.degree. by X-ray diffraction.

Abstract: A displacement element including a substrate having electrodes and a cantilever provided on the substrate, wherein the cantilever is formed from a semiconductor material and has at least two electrostatic driving electrodes formed by diffusing an impurity into a semiconductor material.

Abstract: A check-out device includes an input section for inputting an article code recorded on an article, an entry conveyor for conveying an article put thereon after the article code is input, a weighing device for measuring the weight of the article put on the entry conveyor, an electronic cash register storing reference weights assigned to various articles along with article codes assigned to the various articles, for comparing the weight measured by the weighing device with reference weight of an article corresponding to the input article code, and performing registration and settlement of the article corresponding to the input article code when it is detected from a result of comparison that the article corresponding to the input article code is identical to one put on the entry conveyor.

Abstract: A process for forming a gold thin film comprises subjecting a gold complex to a decomposition treatment to transfer the gold in a solution to a supersaturated state, and forming a crystalline gold thin film composed of a group of monocrystals on the surface of a substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wear resistant boronitride film layer having a chemical composition of (Al.sub.x Ti.sub.1-x)(B.sub.y N.sub.1-y), where 0.05<x<0.75, and 0.02<y<0.12. The film layer is coated on the surface of a substrate to a thickness of 0.5 to 8 .mu.m. With this construction, it is possible to obtain films superior in wear resistance to (Al.sub.x Ti.sub.1-x)N films. Further, the substrates coated with the films include a WC based super hard alloy, TiCN-based cermet, and a ceramic.

Abstract: An X-ray mask structure has an X-ray absorber, an X-ray permeable film and a frame for supporting the X-ray permeable film, wherein the X-ray absorber is made of gold having crystal orientation such that with respect to the peak strength 1 of the (200) surface, the peak strength of the (111) surface is less than 0.5 in an X-ray diffraction test. A method of manufacturing X-ray mask structures includes the step of forming the X-ray absorber, in which after an X-ray absorbing film is formed on the X-ray permeable film, heating and cooling operations are repeated a plurality of times.

Abstract: The present invention provides an X-ray mask structure having an X-ray transmissive membrane, an X-ray absorber held on an X-ray transmissive membrane, and a holding frame that holds the X-ray transmissive membrane, and the X-ray transmissive membrane has a layer of aluminum nitride, and the X-ray absorber has a heavy metal nitride.

Abstract: A reflection type mask usable to print a pattern upon a semiconductor wafer by use of soft X-rays or otherwise is disclosed. A reflective surface is formed by a multilayered film which is formed on a substrate by layering different materials having different refractive indices in consideration of Bragg diffraction and Fresnel reflection. A non-reflective portion is formed on the reflecting surface to provide a desired pattern. Alternatively, a pattern comprising a multilayered structure may be formed upon a non-reflective substrate. The mask of the present invention assures pattern printing of high contrast.

Abstract: An optical character reader comprises a pre-scanner and a main scanner. The pre-scanner coarsely scans the surface of a postal item and generates video signals representing a postal item pattern. The pattern is divided into a plurality of blocks. Of these blocks, a destination address block, for example, is selected. The coordinates of the lower side of the destination address block are determined. According to the coordinates a limited area of the destination address block is determined, which is to be scanned by the main scanner. The main scanner scans finely the limited area and generates high resolution video signals. According to the high resolution video signals a postal code in the destination address block is detected and recognized.

Abstract: A postal code pattern video signal obtained by optically scanning the postal code area is converted, by a quantitizing circuit, into binary data, i.e. single bit pattern data. The video signal is also converted into multibit pattern data by a A/D converter. The single and multibit pattern data are stored in the single and multibit pattern memories, respectively. The single bit pattern data is masked by the character detecting circuit to set an address of a mask corresponding to chained characters. The multibit pattern memory is designated by the address, so that the multibit pattern data corresponding to the chained characters is read out. The words of multibit pattern data are accumulated for each line, and the lowest level data is detected from the accumulated data as the connecting portions. At the connecting portion, the chained character is separated.

Abstract: A method of forming a colored pattern on the surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy comprising the steps of subjecting the surface to a first electrolytic treatment to form a background of anodic oxide film, and placing a pattern-forming electrode against the surface in adjacent but spaced apart relation. The surface is then subjected to a second electrolytic treatment to electrochemically impress the pattern onto the background by applying a voltage between the surface and the pattern-forming electrode in an electrolytic bath containing a metallic salt. The pattern-forming electrode is removed from the surface, and the surface having the background and the pattern is subjected to a third electrolytic treatment in an electrolytic bath containing a metallic salt to develop difference in color tones and intensities between the background and the pattern.

Abstract: A method of producing a glazed ceramic substrate, which is useful for a hybrid integrated circuit or a thermal head of a thermal printer for instance, by applying a glass onto a major surface of a ceramic substrate, firing the substrate to form a molten glass layer on the substrate surface and cooling the fired substrate. To obtain the glazed ceramic substrate with high flatness despite the tendency of the substrate to warp due to difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the ceramic and the glass, a refractory base which supports the substrate during the firing and cooling steps is so shaped as to allow the substrate to deform during the firing step reversely to the expected warp at the cooling step, so that the warp at the cooling step is offset by the preceding deformation. For example, the upper surface of the base is shaped into a continuous and concave surface.