Abstract: A composition for nematic liquid crystal color display elements, said composition comprising at least one anthraquinonic dye represented by the following formula ##STR1## wherein X and Y are identical or different and represent --NH.sub.2 or --OH; Z represents halogen, --OR, --NHR, ##STR2## --CONHR.sub.2 or --COOR.sub.2, in which R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a lower alkyl group optionally substituted by --OH, ##STR3## represents hydrogen, halogen, --OH, --OCH.sub.3, an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or a methoxy group optionally substituted by ##STR4## and R.sub.2 is a phenyl group, an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms or a cyclohexyl group; and n is an integer of 1 or 2 provided that when X is --NH.sub.2 and Y is --OH, and when X and Y are both --OH, n is an integer of 1, and when n represents an integer of 2, the two Z's may be identical or different dissolved in at least one nematic liquid crystal.

Abstract: A composition for nematic liquid crystal color display elements, said composition comprising at least one anthraquinonic dye represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein X and X' are the same and represent --NH.sub.2 or --OH, and R represents a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a cyclohexyl group or a group of the formula --R.sub.2 --O--R.sub.3 in which R.sub.2 is an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and R.sub.3 is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms dissolved in at least one nematic liquid crystal.

Abstract: Novel chlorinated 4-methylphthalic acids or anhydrides of the general formula ##STR1## wherein n is an integer of 1, 2 or 3, with the proviso that when n is 1, the chlorine atom is positioned at 3- or 5-position and when n is 2, the chlorine atoms are positioned at 3- and 5-positions. The new compounds are produced by dissolving 4-methylphthalic anhydride in concentrated sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid to form a solution, and reacting the solution with chlorine at room temperature preferably in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine, thereby to yield a crude product containing a mixture of chlorinated 4-methylphthalic acids. By subjecting the mixture to a thermal dehydration treatment in an inactive organic solvent, each of the chlorinated compounds may be isolated as its corresponding anhydride in the form of crystals.These chlorinated 4-methylphthalic anhydrides are valuable as intermediates for the preparation of dyestuffs or pigments.

Abstract: Method of coloring an organic material with a naphthacenequinone derivative having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 are members selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, hydroxyl or amino, R.sub.2 is a member selected from the group consisting of carboxyl or its derivative, sulfonamide, sulfonate and phenylsulfonate, X is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrazo and aromatic diamino.Organic materials with the compound have a brilliant hue with characteristic fluorescence and high sublimation fastness.

Abstract: Method of coloring an organic material with an asymmetric thioindigoid compound having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a hydrogen atom or lower alkyl group; R' is a member selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, halogen atoms, lower alkyl groups, lower alkoxy groups, sulfonamide group or its derivatives, and aryl sulfonate groups or their derivatives; R" is a hydrogen atom or methyl group; and X is an oxygen atom or sulfur atom. Organic materials colored with the compound have a brilliant nuance with characteristic fluorescence.

Abstract: Method of coloring an organic material with a naphthacenequinone derivative having the formula ##SPC1##Wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 are members selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, hydroxyl or amino, R.sub.2 is a member selected from the group consisting of carboxyl or its derivative, sulfonamide, sulfonate and phenylsulfonate, X is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrazo and aromatic diamino.Organic materials colored with the compound have a brilliant hue with characteristic fluorescence and high sublimation fastness.

Abstract: Method of coloring an organic material with an asymmetric thioindigoid compound having the formula: ##SPC1##Wherein R is a hydrogen atom or lower alkyl; R' is a member selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, halogen atoms, lower alkyl groups, lower alkoxy groups, sulfonamide group or its derivatives, and aryl sulfonate groups or their derivatives; R" is a hydrogen atom or methyl group; and X is an oxygen atom or sulfur atom. Organic materials colored with the compound have a brilliant nuance with characteristic fluorescence.