Abstract: Envelope viruses (e.g. Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) are formulated for storage at moderately cold temperatures (e.g. ?20° C.). The formulation is an aqueous solution containing the enveloped virus at a concentration of from 106 PFU/mL to 1012 PFU/mL; and a non-reducing saccharide (e.g. sucrose). When the non-reducing saccharide is a disaccharide it is present in the solution at a concentration of from 5% (w/v) to 50% (w/v), and when it is a monosaccharide it is present in the solution at a concentration of from 2.5% (w/v) to 25% (w/v). The solution has an osmotic pressure of about 250 mOs or higher, and has a pH of from 5 to 10.

Abstract: Envelope viruses (e.g. Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) are formulated for storage at moderately cold temperatures (e.g. ?20 C). The formulation is an aqueous solution containing the enveloped virus at a concentration of from 106 PFU/mL to 1012 PFU/mL; and a non-reducing saccharide (e.g. sucrose). When the non-reducing saccharide is a disaccharide it is present in the solution at a concentration of from 5% (w/v) to 50% (w/v), and when it is a monosaccharide it is present in the solution at a concentration of from 2.5% (w/v) to 25% (w/v). The solution has an osmotic pressure of about 250 mOs or higher, and has a pH of from 5 to 10.

Abstract: Larger particles (e.g., larger than 100 ?m) of a material are processed to generate smaller particles having dimensions smaller than 200 nm. At least a portion of the processing is performed under a cryogenic condition and based on at least a physical property of the material under the cryogenic condition.

Abstract: A process for condensing vapor or mist material onto a thin first liquid film surface, which liquid film is generated and supported on the outer surface of a porous structure. A moving condensable vapor contacts the thin liquid film and is condensed onto the liquid surface. The condensed vapor drains by gravity action into a collection zone, together with a portion of the liquid film material being entrained therein. The vapor or mist material can be either substantially immiscible or miscible in the liquid film. The first liquid is preferably provided in a closed system and is recycled at near ambient temperature and at pressure conditions sufficient to produce the thin liquid film external to the porous structure, which has a porosity of 20-80%. An apparatus including the porous structure and liquid handling system for condensing an upflowing condensable vapor is disclosed.