Abstract: A battery management system for measuring remaining charges in a battery packet with multi-cells is disclosed. The battery comprises electric property and non-electric property measuring modules, multi-cells, a slave communication protocol controller, and a battery protective circuit. The portable device comprises an embedded controller and a charge gauge module and a master communication protocol controller. The parameters demanded for calculating the remaining charges of the multi-cells are measured by the electric property and non-electric property measurement modules and transferred through the SMBus interface to the embedded controller and the charge gauge module. Therefore, the battery management system can manage the remaining charges of every cell in the multi-cells without a microprocessor in the battery packet.

Abstract: A FIFO is formed from a plurality of modules each of which comprises a memory section and a control section. A FIFO of arbitrary size can be constructed simply by connecting a desired number of modules. The control section of each module is simple and efficient and enables a FIFO to be easily implemented as part of an integrated circuit. The control section of each module comprises four flip-flops for outputting a write pointer, a read pointer, an EMPTY* flag and a FULL* flag, which flags enable the control section of a module to determine if the FIFO as a whole is empty or full.