Abstract: A health monitoring device is provided, and may be used in population health monitoring and disease tracing, as well as for individual subject health purposes. The health monitoring device comprises a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for generating and storing electrical energy from mechanical activity of a user. The device provides a continuous and uninterrupted stream of physiological data received at a surface of the device in contact with a surface of the user. The triboelectric nanogenerator is a paper-based device comprising a paper-based material layer and a polydimethylsiloxane/polytetrafluoroethylene (PDMS/PTFE) material layer, each on a copper film. The device has enhanced sensitivity to motion, providing an improved device capable of converting small amounts of movement into electrical energy, and of recording and transmitting data of small physiological changes of a user to a receiver. The device is lithium free, and eliminates the necessity of recharging.