Abstract: In a bulk acoustic resonator device, at least one additional metal feature is formed on a top surface of the bottom electrode at a location at which the bottom electrode electrical contact will subsequently be formed, thereby thickening the metal at the location below where the piezoelectric material layer will be etched to form the opening for the bottom electrode electrical contact. Consequently, even though some of the metal of the additional metal feature and/or of the bottom electrode will be removed during the process of etching the opening in the piezoelectric material layer, the bottom electrode will always retain sufficient thickness after the piezoelectric material layer is etched.

Abstract: In a bulk acoustic resonator device, at least one additional metal feature is formed on a top surface of the bottom electrode at a location at which the bottom electrode electrical contact will subsequently be formed, thereby thickening the metal at the location below where the piezoelectric material layer will be etched to form the opening for the bottom electrode electrical contact. Consequently, even though some of the metal of the additional metal feature and/or of the bottom electrode will be removed during the process of etching the opening in the piezoelectric material layer, the bottom electrode will always retain sufficient thickness after the piezoelectric material layer is etched.

Abstract: A device for controlling an internal combustion engine has sensors That measure the operating states of the internal combustion engine. The sensor signals are used for determining control signals for the internal combustion engine. Furthermore, testing means are provided which verify the sensor signals and if implausible sensor signals are detected, control of the internal combustion engine is prevented.

Abstract: A device for controlling an internal combustion engine has sensors That measure the operating states of the internal combustion engine. The sensor signals are used for determining control signals for the internal combustion engine. Furthermore, testing means are provided which verify the sensor signals and if implausible sensor signals are detected, control of the internal combustion engine is prevented.

Abstract: A vertical cavity surface emitting laser system is provided including providing a epitaxially grown bottom spacer layer, an active layer on the epitaxially grown bottom spacer layer, a top spacer layer on the active layer, and etching a part of the epitaxially grown top spacer layer on a side opposite the active layer.

Abstract: In one aspect, a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) is operable to generate single-mode laser light at an operative wavelength. The VCSEL includes a light-emitting surface and a monolithic longitudinal stack structure. The longitudinal stack structure includes a first mirror, a second mirror, and a cavity region. The cavity region is disposed between the first mirror and the second mirror and includes an active light generation region and a cavity extension region. The longitudinal stack structure further includes an ion-implanted current confinement region. A VCSEL array incorporating the above described VCSEL and a method of making the above-described VCSEL also are described.

Abstract: Screenable vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and methods of manufacturing the same are described. These systems and methods address the unique susceptibility of these devices to damage that otherwise might be caused by moisture intrusion into the etch holes that are used to form the index-guiding confinement regions. In one aspect, a VCSEL includes a vertical stack structure having a top surface. The vertical stack structure includes a top mirror, a bottom mirror, and a cavity region that is disposed between the top mirror and the bottom mirror and includes an active light generation region. At least one of the top mirror and the bottom mirror has at least one layer defining an aperture region. The vertical stack structure defines at least one sidewall area extending from the top surface to at least a depth corresponding to the aperture region. The is VCSEL further includes a defect indicator system that is disposed in a screening region at the sidewall area.

Abstract: A device for limiting the supercharger speed which makes do without a speed sensor or an atmospheric pressure sensor has a bandpass filter which filters out a spectral component from the output signal of a boost pressure sensor arranged in the induction pipe of the engine, the spectral component appearing in the signal spectrum of the boost pressure sensor when the air column in the induction pipe is set into a vibration which develops when the compressor of the turbocharger rotates at the maximum permissible speed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a structural theft protection system for motor vehicles with a blocking control device (30) for releasing a motor control device (31), a code acquisition device (20, 21) that is connected to the blocking control device, and a device (32) connected to the blocking control device (30) for acquiring a vehicle use parameter (T, S), as well as with several locally fixed code takeover/output stations (10, 11), wherein the blocking control device (30) keeps the motor control device (31) in the release position only if the blocking control device (30) is fed a new release information by one of the locally fixed code takeover/output stations (10, 11), preferably at regular intervals.

Abstract: A device for limiting the supercharger speed which makes do without a speed sensor or an atmospheric pressure sensor has a bandpass filter which filters out a spectral component from the output signal of a boost pressure sensor arranged in the induction pipe of the engine, the spectral component appearing in the signal spectrum of the boost pressure sensor when the air column in the induction pipe is set into a vibration which develops when the compressor of the turbocharger rotates at the maximum permissible speed.

Abstract: A controller has a microcomputer, an electrically erasable and programmable memory which has a control program (CONTROL), a read only memory and a serial interface. A serial data transmission line can be connected to the serial interface. A program (PROG) for reprogramming the electrically erasable and programmable memory is stored in the read only memory. For reprogramming the electrically erasable and programmable memory, the controller receives the data, which are to be programmed, via the serial data transmission line from an external communications apparatus.

Abstract: A control device has a microcomputer, a memory which has a control program and can be cleared and programmed electrically, a read-only memory and a serial interface. In the read-only memory, a program for reprogramming the memory which can be cleared and programmed electrically is stored. For the reprogramming of the memory which can be cleared and programmed electrically, the control device receives the data to be programmed from an external communication device via the serial interface. The control device causes the program for reprogramming the memory which can be cleared and programmed electrically to be processed without the control program having to be started or operative for this purpose.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for crankshaft-synchronous detection of a periodically changing variable of an internal combustion engine, for example the load, which is measured by a sensor whose output signal which is preprocessed or filtered in a suitable fashion is sensed with a selectable timing pattern. The start of sampling is resynchronized for each segment, the signal of a CA sensor being used for synchronization, the said CA sensor sensing a disc connected to the crankshaft and outputting one signal edge per segment. The combination for crankshaft-synchronous sampling with constant timing with respect to the segment permits the use of different load detection sensors with improved accuracy in comparison with previously used methods. The average value of the load for each segment can be determined from the sampled measured values and the quantity of air inducted per power cycle can also be determined.

Abstract: The ignition system for a four-cycle gasoline engine having at least one cylinder includes a spark plug for each cylinder and an ignition coil for each spark plug so that each spark plug has its own ignition coil with a primary and secondary side as well as a control device for controlling the timing of the firing of the spark plugs via the individual ignition coils according to a predetermined firing sequence connected to each of the ignition coils.

Abstract: A control system is described for the electric fuel pump of an internal combustion engine, with a sensor for the speed of a shaft of the engine and with a logic circuit for providing a shut off signal for the pump, depending on the speed detected, where the signal of a further sensor (14) for the speed is supplied to the a logic circuit (16, 17), and where shut off then takes place only when both speed signals deviate from a specified range. In this way, it is ensured that the vehicle remains drivable if one of the two sensors (13) or (14) fails.

Abstract: A control system for an internal combustion engine which includes a crankshaft sensor for sensing a crankshaft transmitter disk and a camshaft sensor for sensing a camshaft transmitter disk. Both sensors supply signals to a control device which calculates ignition and injection signals based upon operating parameters, such as engine load and rotational speed, with the rotational speed being based on the signals for the crankshaft sensor or camshaft sensor. In case of crankshaft sensor failure, an emergency function in the control device simulates the crankshaft signals based on the signals from the camshaft sensor. Preferably, the number of segments on the camshaft transmitter disk are equal to the number of cylinders of the engine.