Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the electrochemical reduction of vat and sulfur dyes in aqueous solutions, in steady-state conditions of reaction and a cycle which is largely free of reducing agents. The invention also relates to apparatus for carrying out said method. The steady-state conditions of reaction are obtained by means of a start reaction. The substances used for this reaction and the products resulting therefrom are extracted from the cycle. To maintain the cycle only dyes, an alkali and possibly small quantities of additional substances, such as surface-active agents, need to be added. No other chemicals active in the oxidation-reduction process are used.

Abstract: A tubular film blowing head is provided with one outer and one inner nozzle ring between which a ring chamber is formed extending in a conical or parabolic manner towards the circular nozzle gap and of which the inner nozzle ring, which is provided with a central bore for exchanging the pressurized air, is connected by means of a screw connection to a central cone piece of the blowing head. This central cone piece has a bore that is aligned to the central bore. In order to create a screw connection between the inner nozzle ring and the center cone piece that is firm and simple to produce, the inner nozzle ring is connected to the central cone piece by means of a threaded bolt penetrating the central bore of the nozzle ring and provided with an axial bore in that the threaded bolt is screwed into the bore of the cone piece, which is embodied as a threaded bore.

Abstract: A method is proposed for the application of a finishing layer to a textile support material. By means of the novel method, a water repellent or oil repellent layer, a so-called finishing layer, is applied to a textile support material selected from the group of fibers, tissues, and fabrics. The water repellent or oil repellent finishing layer comprises at least two water repellent or oil repellent components wherein a first component comprises one or more dispersants and a second component comprises one or more dispersed phases or colloids, and wherein the dispersant and the dispersed phase are present in the gel state. The colloids of the dispersed phase are distributed in the dispersant in an anisotropic manner so that the colloids are concentrated in the region of the upper surface of the finishing layer forming an interface between the finishing layer an the surrounding atmosphere.

Abstract: An extruder die head, preferably a blown film head, comprises an internal cylindrical mandrel and a jacket, which envelops concentrically said mandrel. Between said mandrel and jacket an annular channel is formed that empties into a die slit. The invention also comprises at least one line, which empties into the annular channel in the area opposite the die slit and which feeds a melt. To prevent a slit between the central mandrel and the jacket, enclosing said mandrel, where the polymer melt could accumulate and deposit, the mandrel is made as one piece with a flange-shaped foot. The jacket rests with its bottom face sealingly on the annular surface of the flange-shaped foot and is connected, for example fastened, to the same. The annular channel extends from the peripheral surface of the mandrel to the flange-shaped foot up to and into the transition region. The line, feeding in a melt, empties into this transition region.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel membrane elements, a process for their production and their use as filters, for example for ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, gas separation or pervaporation. The invention relates in particular to a membrane element comprising a core 9 and a sheath which encapsulates the core, where the sheath is formed from polymer films 10 which overlap one another at least to some extent and have been fused to one another in the overlap area.

Abstract: A tube film blowing head is provided with one outer and one inner nozzle ring between which a ring chamber is formed extending in a conical or parabolic manner towards the circular nozzle gap and of which the inner nozzle ring, which is provided with a central bore for exchanging the pressurized air, is connected by means of a screw connection to a central cone piece of the blowing head. This central cone piece has a bore that is aligned to the central bore. In order to create a screw connection between the inner nozzle ring and the center cone piece that is firm and simple to produce, the inner nozzle ring is connected to the central cone piece by means of a threaded bolt penetrating the central bore of the nozzle ring and provided with an axial bore in that the threaded bolt is screwed into the bore of the cone piece, which is embodied as a threaded bore.

Abstract: An extruder die head, preferably a blown film head, comprises an internal cylindrical mandrel and a jacket, which envelops concentrically said mandrel. Between said mandrel and jacket an annular channel is formed that empties into a die slit. The invention also comprises at least one line, which empties into the annular channel in the area opposite the die slit and which feeds a melt. To prevent a slit between the central mandrel and the jacket, enclosing said mandrel, where the polymer melt could accumulate and deposit, the mandrel is made as one piece with a flange-shaped foot. The jacket rests with its bottom face sealingly on the annular surface of the flange-shaped foot and is connected, for example fastened, to the same. The annular channel extends from the peripheral surface of the mandrel to the flange-shaped foot up to and into the transition region. The line, feeding in a melt, empties into this transition region.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for oxidizing substances contained in sewage, a nozzle system, and a plant for carrying out this method. The method is characterized in that three radical chain circuits are superimposed, thus producing a continuous reaction chain which is maintained by incorporating a radical starter, a catalyst and oxygen into the sewage flow. The reaction is characterized in that the reaction partners are brought together via a nozzle system which creates unsteady flowing conditions. To reduce operational costs, the sewage is fed by the nozzle system to the autothermic reactor via a heat exchanger which is heated by the treated sewage flow. The method is characterized by its flexibility in treating different kinds of sewage flow of different concentrations. The advantages are, above all, the following: reduced sludge production, high biocompatibility of the residues to be transported, and low consumption of chemical substances.

Abstract: A measuring instrument comprises a column (10) on which is mounted a carriage (11) with a drive cursor (12) and a measuring cursor (20) sliding on the drive cursor (12) and carrying a measuring contact (24) and a measuring device (40). A measuring force device (25) is arranged between the two cursors and determines, thanks to a lever (26) a rest position and two measuring positions vertically upwardly or downwardly offset or corresponding to a predetermined measuring force on the member to be measured. A motor (15) displaces the drive cursor (12) and the position detector (36) permits measuring the relative position between the two cursors. A control unit (35) controls the speed and direction of rotation of the motor (15) as a function either of the signals (44) received from the position detector (36) or from two external contacts (42, 43).

Abstract: A process for blowing oxygen-containing gas, with and without solid material, on a metal melt in a metallurgical vessel, a process for generating a burner flame and corresponding devices. The inventive process and lance suitable for such process provides, without structural conversion and by a simple design, various different process steps in the treatment of metal melts in a metallurgical vessel while increasing the insertion rates of the individual media. This is accomplished using a multifunctional lance in which the process of blowing oxygen with and without solids, and the generation of a burner flame may be performed independently from one another. The individual supply lines are connected in a corresponding manner depending on the respective process step. In the process for blowing oxygen-containing gas, vibrations are excited in the gas flow in a relatively simple manner.

Abstract: A process and a device for introducing gases into a metal melt contained in metallurgical vessels via ducts arranged in the refractory lining of the vessel. In order to permit deeper penetration of the jet of gas and better mixing with the melt, an oscillating jet of gas is produced and introduced into the melt. For this purpose, several acoustic generators with which the gas is brought into contact with the melt are provided in the device.

Abstract: The inductive displacement sensor includes a first element of cursor (31) and a second element or scale (32) exhibiting spatially periodic electromagnetic characteristics, such as windows (321) and traverses (322). The first element (31) has a series of windings, e.g., three interlaced meander windings (31A to 31C) and an electronic circuit being connected to the windings on the first element to bring about a current in at least one of the windings (31A) and to measure the influence due to the position of the second element's spatially periodic electromagnetic characteristics on the inductances of at least a part of the windings (31B, 31C) of the first element (31). Such a displacement sensor is simple, rugged, small, draws little current and is insensitive to water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and a device for blowing oxygen over a metal melt under a vacuum. The oxygen is to be applied over a large surface with a large intermediate phase area while avoiding overcooling in the metal bath by simple, easily maintained structural means. The flow of oxygen in the lance is accelerated and compressed into plug-shaped oxygen pulses, which leave the lance in succession and which form an oxygen bell over the vacuum above the metal melt, having an oxygen casing and an oxygen core, the core moving at a speed similar to that of the casing. At the base of the wall 41 of the blowing lance 40 there is an annular nozzle 42. At a distance behind the annular nozzle 42 in the direction of flow of the oxygen there is a blind tube 44 forming a fan-shaped compartment 43. Between the bottom 46 of the blind tube 44 and the head of the blowing lance 40 there is a pre-nozzle chamber 48 and in the head of the blowing lance 40 there is at least one base nozzle 50 directed toward the melt.

Abstract: A macroporous, asymmetric, hydrophilic membrane is described, which contains a copolyamide which has the following recurring structural units:(A) --OC--Ar.sup.1 --CO--and also three different structural units of those mentioned below:(B) --NH--Ar.sup.2 --NH--(C) --NH--Ar.sup.3 --NH--(D, E, F) --NH--Ar.sup.2 --Z--Ar.sup.3 --NH--where the symbols Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.3 and Z have the following meaning:Ar.sup.1 is a 1,4-phenylene or another bivalent C.sub.6 -C.sub.r aromatic or heteroaromatic radical in which radical the bonds are in para or comparable coaxial or antiparallel position, Ar.sup.2 and Ar.sup.3 are 1, 2 phenylene, 1,3-phenylene or 1, 4-phenylene radicals and Z is one of the following bivalent radicals --O--, --CH.sub.2 --, --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2, --C(CF.sub.3).sub.2 --, --SO.sub.2 --, --NHCO--, or --O--Ar.sup.2 --O--.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the purifying working-up of liquid reaction media and/or wash media obtained during preparation of cellulose ethers, which are insoluble in hot water, from cellulose, an alkali metal hydroxide and at least one etherifying agent in a medium containing water and if appropriate at least one organic solvent, by ultrafiltration of the media into a permeate and concentrate, which comprises carrying out the ultrafiltration of the reaction media and/or wash media at a temperature at or above the flocculation temperature of the cellulose ethers.

Abstract: Process for the recovery of catalyst in the production of ether carboxylic acids by catalytic oxidation with a suspended ether catalyst in which the reaction mixture is subjected to cross-flow filtration.

Abstract: A male and female coupling member of a device allowing separation of a fuel nozzle from a filling hose, to prevent the entrainment of the nozzle by the vehicle from rupturing the hose or damaging the fuel pump having a detent which is wedged out of engagement by a torque applied to the male member within the female member against the force of a restoring spring because of play between the male and female coupling members.

Abstract: The system includes a plurality of mobile optical-electronic data acquisition stations for individual training on particular mobile targets. These stations are linked through an information exchange and distribution system with a common center cooperating with these stations in a real time configuration for purposes of generating data representing the trajectory of one or more targets on which the optical-electronic acquisition stations are trained.

Abstract: Two bearing sections pertaining to feelers on arms are maintained in engagement with journal axles of two rolls and a pair of transducer elements on the arms monitors therein distance from each other in representation of the roll gap. The arms can be pivoted out of the way in that the bearing sections are removed from between the axles.