Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for analyzing water and wastewater, including a housing which is immersible in the water or wastewater to be analyzed, an analyzer for determining at least one water or wastewater parameter, a membrane separating a sample space from a filtrate space, and a conduit connecting the filtrate space to said analyzer. Also described are embodiments containing device to clean or eliminate soilage from the membrane. The analyzer, membrane and conduit are located in the housing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for analyzing the amount of chemical substrates in a liquid, more particularly in a clarified solution or a process water. The apparatus comprises a separate filtration housing in which a filter medium is arranged for arresting the filtrate supplied to an analyzer. Provided in the filtration housing is a gas supply means by means of which the filter medium is charged or flushed with a gas.

Abstract: This invention concerns a method of measuring parameters of fresh and waste water, where the time change or the first derivative of the measured values is determined from the measured values of at least two successive measurements, considering the time interval between the measurements. The pause interval until the next measurement is then determined, depending on that value for the time change or first derivative.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device to irradiate surfaces with electrons, especially to harden surface layers. The device includes a vacuum chamber that has an electron beam window; an electron beam-permeable film that closes off the vacuum chamber from the ambient medium; and an electron beam generating system, consisting of a cathode and a forming electrode which are connected to a high-voltage and beam current feed line. In order to achieve an increase of the electron beam power and to reduce the energy losses during the transfer out of the electron beam window in such a device, according to the invention, the forming electrode is designed as a tubular hollow body with inner hollow space lengthwise dividers and with a lengthwise slit that is open towards the electron beam window. A wire-shaped cathode is arranged in each hollow space segment divided off by the hollow space lengthwise divider.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the protection of a diaphragm during the generation of electron-beam pulses by means of alternately deflecting the electron beam onto the diaphragm and onto a processing site.In order to prevent damage to the diaphragm from the thermal effect of the electron beam, the electron beam is distributed with respect to space and/or time over an enlarged striking surface.