Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a corresponding apparatus for identifying a product (1) or information relating to the product (1). In the method, a concealed code on the product (1) is identified, wherein the code is given by a set of ellipsometric parameters, and the method comprises the following steps of: measuring ellipsometric variables for at least one defined point (8) on a surface (9) of the product (1), comparing the measured ellipsometric variables with at least one reference code, and determining a match between the measured ellipsometric variables and the reference code or one of the reference codes or determining a mismatch with each reference code.

Abstract: A device for applying a directed contact pressure force to a multitude of samples. A first part of the device includes a multitude of sample receptacles that receive a multitude of joining surface modules of the same kind, and a second part of the device is connected to the first part in such a manner that a multitude of fluidically intercommunicating hydraulic cylinders in one of the two parts can load the joining surface modules simultaneously in a loading direction at a predetermined force that is substantially identical in respect to all samples.

Abstract: A method for applying or embedding nanoparticles or microparticles of any substance in a defined manner onto or into a layer to be applied to a substrate surface by plasma coating before, during or after the plasma coating operation in a magnetron or plasmatron. The particles are introduced from the outside into the vacuum chamber of the magnetron or plasmatron via at least one pressure stage. The particles are spatially distributed in the plasma space between the target and the substrate. The particles in the plasma space are preferably exposed to an electric field generating a movement of the particles toward the substrate. It is advantageous for this purpose if the particles are electrically charged before being introduced into the plasma space.

Abstract: A method for determining the plasto-elastic properties of a test sample, which can be affected by the action of pressure, includes pressing a test body against a surface of the test sample with a defined force. Plasto-elastic changes of the surface resulting therefrom are recorded during and/or after the pressure application. A centrifugal force generated by rotating the test body around an axis is utilized as a pressure force which is generated by radially movably guiding the test body, which is disposed between the test sample and the axis, relative to the radially fixed test sample.

Abstract: A device for applying a directed contact pressure force to a multitude of samples. A first part of the device includes a multitude of sample receptacles that receive a multitude of joining surface modules of the same kind, and a second part of the device is connected to the first part in such a manner that a multitude of fluidically intercommunicating hydraulic cylinders in one of the two parts can load the joining surface modules simultaneously in a loading direction at a predetermined force that is substantially identical in respect to all samples.

Abstract: A method for determining the plasto-elastic properties of a test sample, which can be affected by the action of pressure, includes pressing a test body against a surface of the test sample with a defined force. Plasto-elastic changes of the surface resulting therefrom are recorded during and/or after the pressure application. A centrifugal force generated by rotating the test body around an axis is utilized as a pressure force which is generated by radially movably guiding the test body, which is disposed between the test sample and the axis, relative to the radially fixed test sample.

Abstract: A method for applying or embedding nanoparticles or microparticles of any substance in a defined manner onto or into a layer to be applied to a substrate surface by plasma coating before, during or after the plasma coating operation in a magnetron or plasmatron. The particles are introduced from the outside into the vacuum chamber of the magnetron or plasmatron via at least one pressure stage. The particles are spatially distributed in the plasma space between the target and the substrate. The particles in the plasma space are preferably exposed to an electric field generating a movement of the particles toward the substrate. It is advantageous for this purpose if the particles are electrically charged before being introduced into the plasma space.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a corresponding apparatus for identifying a product (1) or information relating to the product (1). In the method, a concealed code on the product (1) is identified, wherein the code is given by a set of ellipsometric parameters, and the method comprises the following steps of: measuring ellipsometric variables for at least one defined point (8) on a surface (9) of the product (1), comparing the measured ellipsometric variables with at least one reference code, and determining a match between the measured ellipsometric variables and the reference code or one of the reference codes or determining a mismatch with each reference code.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for examining the resistance of a connection between two bodies, whereby one of the bodies only has a small mass. A correspondingly directed force is exerted upon the connection until disconnection thereof. The force used is the centrifugal force which acts at a distance from a rotational axis in a concentric manner about said rotated connection. Said method is particularly advantageous if the body having a small mass is a coating which is applied to the other body. In order to obtain a sufficiently high centrifugal force, an examining stamp is applied to the body having the small mass and/or the coating on the side oriented away from the connection. The adhesion between the body and/or the coating and the examining stamp is greater than between both of the bodies and/or the coating and the other body.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for examining the resistance of a connection between two bodies, whereby one of the bodies only has a small mass. A correspondingly directed force is exerted upon the connection until disconnection thereof. The force used is the centrifugal force which acts at a distance from a rotational axis in a concentric manner about said rotated connection. Said method is particularly advantageous if the body having a small mass is a coating which is applied to the other body. In order to obtain a sufficiently high centrifugal force, an examining stamp is applied to the body having the small mass and/or the coating on the side oriented away from the connection. The adhesion between the body and/or the coating and the examining stamp is greater than between both of the bodies and/or the coating and the other body.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multilayer product (composite material), wherein the first layer is a layer which is optically dense in the infrared range, and wherein the second layer contains a polymer (plastics) as substrate. The invention additionally relates to a method of improving the flame resistance of mouldings made from polymers and to a method of producing the multilayer products as well as to components which contain the above-mentioned multilayer products.

Abstract: According to the invention, metal halides are removed from liquid organic water-immiscible substances by treating the liquid organic water-immiscible substances which contain the metal halides with a water-containing anion-exchanger in the OH form.

Abstract: In the preparation of 2-oximinophenylacetonitrile by reacting benzyl cyanide with an alkyl nitrite in the presence of a base, the improvement which comprises employing an inorganic base as the base and effecting the reaction in an aqueous solution of an alcohol. Advantageously the reaction mixture, consisting of an alcohol, an aqueous solution of an inorganic base and benzyl cyanide, is circulated by means of a pump and thereby operates an injector which sucks in the alkyl nitrite. Desirably the alkyl nitrite is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl nitrate having the same alkyl radical as the alcohol, about 1.05 to 1.15 moles of alkyl nitrite are employed per mole of benzyl cyanide, the inorganic alkali is an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, the molar ratio of benzyl cyanide to potassium or sodium hydroxide is about 1:1.1-1.3, the reaction is effected at about 20.degree. to 40.degree. C.

Abstract: 2-NITRO-4,6-DICHLORO-5-METHYLPHENOL IS PREPARED BY THE SULFONATION OF 4-CHLORO-5-METHYLPHENOL TO FORM 2-SULFO-4-CHLORO-5-METHYLPHENOL WHICH IS CHLORINATED TO 2-SULFO-4,6-DICHLORO-5-METHYLPHENOL WHICH IS IN TURN REACTED WITH NITRIC ACID TO FORM THE DESIRED PRODUCT. The sulfonation is carried out with concentrated sulfuric acid at elevated temperatures to form 2-sulfo-4-chloro-5-methylphenol. Thereafter the reaction mixture is diluted with water to a sulfuric acid content of 20-30%. The resulting 2-sulfo-4-chloro-5-methylphenol is chlorinated with chlorine at elevated temperature and normal or elevated pressures to form 2-sulfo-4,6-dichloro-5-methylphenol which is then reacted with nitric acid.