Abstract: A vertical heat exchanger has a vertical inner conduit surrounded by an outer casing formed with ports with a piercing nosecone at the bottom for facilitating insertion into the earth. The space between the inner conduit and outer casing includes a conductive fill and receives water or salinated fluid through a control valve thus saturating the area surrounding the outer casing. Alternatively, the vertical conduit containing the heat exchanging fluid may be arranged parallel to one or more vertical injector pipes formed with ports for injecting water or salinating fluid through a control valve into the region adjacent to the conduit.

Abstract: Apparatus for demonstrating the operation of a closed loop nuclear steam electric generating plant includes a transparent boiler assembly having immersion heating elements, which may be quartz lamps or stainless steel encased resistive immersion heating units with a quartz iodide lamp providing a source of visible radiation when using the encased immersion heating units. A variable voltage autotransformer is geared to a support rod for simulated reactor control rods for controlling the energy delivered to the heating elements and arranged so that when the voltage is high, the rods are withdrawn from the boiler to produce increased heating and illumination proportional to rod position, thereby simulating nuclear reaction. A relief valve, steam outlet pipe and water inlet pipe are connected to the boiler with a small stainless steel resistive heating element in the steam outlet pipe providing superheat.

Abstract: Wind power demonstration apparatus comprises a windmill assembly comprising a windmill propeller and motor driven fan in a common shroud, an electrical powered generator drivingly coupled to the propeller, parameter adjusting means, and output adjusting and measuring means to provide a compact, economical demonstrator of wind powered operation of a generator and energy conversion.

Abstract: Turbine demonstration apparatus comprises a turbine rotor wheel made of a central circular disc with arc-bent plate turbine blades mounted on and bonded to the disc at close and regular intervals around the disc periphery and a stator-housing with a transparent cover for enclosing the turbine wheel, holding one or more feed nozzles and providing a stator reaction mount for the nozzles, the wheel and its housing being mounted from an instrument chassis containing parameter adjusting means and turbine output adjusting and measuring means to provide a compact, economical demonstrator of turbine operation.

Abstract: An operative internal combustion engine is transparent for demonstration of internal combustion engine principles. A transparent cylinder houses a noncontacting piston, a combustion chamber being sealed by means such as protruding annular teflon rings seated in an annular groove of the piston or a flexible flap formed integrally with the piston which is pressed firmly to the internal surface of the cylinder wall by pressure developed within the combustion chamber during operation of the engine. Other portions of the engine are transparent to enable their contained parts to be observed during operation. The engine also has an enlarged flywheel to permit operation of the engine at low, observable speeds. The invention burns low carbon fuels such as alcohol to keep the cylinder walls clean and operate without polluting the air.