Abstract: Disclosed is a method for manufacturing an electrochemical cell wherein the cell undergoes degradation that results in loss of active material and cation inventory during charging phase(s) of cell cycles. The method comprises: selecting at least one cell component from electrolytes, cathode active materials, and anode active materials; sequentially calculating a cell capacity at an end of each of a plurality of cell cycles based on total cyclable cations, accessible storage sites in each electrode, and the cell component(s) using a degradation model based on porous-electrode theory and having degradation pathway(s), wherein the cell cycles are initialized based on a rate of degradation over previous cycles and wherein a time at which to simulate the next cycle is chosen based on the rate of degradation over the previous cycles; and predicting end of life of the cell based on one of the calculated cell capacities being less than a percentage of nominal capacity.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for optimizing the formation protocol of a battery. The method can include the steps of: (a) providing a battery cell structure comprising an anode, an electrolyte, and a cathode including cations that move from the cathode to the anode during charging; (b) performing a first charge of the battery cell structure using a predetermined formation protocol to create a formed battery cell; and (c) determining a cell internal resistance of the formed battery cell. Therefore, one can compare the cell internal resistances of two battery cells formed by using identical battery cell structures and different formation protocols, and select a formation protocol if the first cell internal resistance of a first formed battery is greater than or less than the second cell internal resistance of a second formed battery.