Abstract: A method of compensating for a refractive error, including manipulating eyelashes to project into a line of sight of an eye at least when an eyelid from which the eyelashes extend is partially closed or when the eye is moved relative to the eyelid. The method may further include manipulating at least one of spacing, orientation, direction, contour or shape of the eyelashes to create an optical effect that improves visual acuity when the eyelashes project into the line of sight and training an individual whose eyelashes are manipulated to position the eyelid from which the eyelashes extend, the eye or both the eyelid and the eye from which the eyelashes extend to achieve relative positioning of the eye and the eyelid to obtain the optical effect that improves visual acuity when desired.

Abstract: A method of mitigating tear evaporation, including manipulating eyelashes to project more downwardly from an upper eyelid, or more upwardly from a lower eyelid or a combination both; and further manipulating at least one of spacing, orientation, direction, contour or shape of the eyelashes to enhance interference with airflow of the eyelashes between a tear film of the eye and an ambient atmosphere to be greater than the interference with airflow which exists because of the eyelashes in an unmanipulated state.

Abstract: A lens for refractive tear shaping, having a curved lens body with a peripheral edge and a central opening therein. The central opening is shaped and sized and has a tear shaping edge structured to form a tear meniscus within the central opening. The tear meniscus being formed by interaction of a tear film of the eye and the tear shaping edge and having a posterior curvature conforming to an anterior corneal curvature and an anterior curvature. The anterior curvature is dependent on the size and shape of the central opening and structure of the tear shaping edge.

Abstract: A lens for refractive tear shaping, including a curved lens body defining an anterior partial thickness cavity indented into its anterior surface. The anterior partial thickness cavity has an anterior facing tear shaping surface structured to form a tear lens within the anterior partial thickness cavity. The anterior partial thickness cavity is structured to define a tear lens within the anterior partial thickness cavity by interaction between a tear film of the eye and the anterior facing base tear shaping surface. The posterior curvature of the tear lens is dependent on the shape of the anterior facing base tear shaping surface.

Abstract: A conjunctival cover including an annular generally curved shell having a conjunctival portion structured to conform to and overly at least part of the conjunctiva of an eye. The annular generally partially spherical shell defines a generally central opening. The central opening is sized to leave a cornea of the eye substantially or partially uncovered when the conjunctival cover is applied to the eye.

Abstract: A lens for refractive tear shaping, having a curved lens body with a peripheral edge and a central opening therein. The central opening is shaped and sized and has a tear shaping edge structured to form a tear meniscus within the central opening. The tear meniscus being formed by interaction of a tear film of the eye and the tear shaping edge and having a posterior curvature conforming to an anterior corneal curvature and an anterior curvature. The anterior curvature is dependent on the size and shape of the central opening and structure of the tear shaping edge.

Abstract: A lens for refractive tear shaping, including a curved lens body defining an anterior partial thickness cavity indented into its anterior surface. The anterior partial thickness cavity has an anterior facing tear shaping surface structured to form a tear lens within the anterior partial thickness cavity. The anterior partial thickness cavity is structured to define a tear lens within the anterior partial thickness cavity by interaction between a tear film of the eye and the anterior facing base tear shaping surface. The posterior curvature of the tear lens is dependent on the shape of the anterior facing base tear shaping surface.

Abstract: A tear shaping structure or structures that shape a tear film of an eye thereby enabling a desired refractive effect. The tear shaping structure includes a supporting structure supporting a plurality of capillary action members, the capillary action members being spaced apart and arranged in such a way as to create a desired refractive lens effect by shaping the tear film of an eye.

Abstract: A tear shaping structure or structures that shape a tear film of an eye thereby enabling a desired refractive effect. The tear shaping structure includes a supporting structure supporting a plurality of capillary action members, the capillary action members being spaced apart and arranged in such a way as to create a desired refractive lens effect by shaping the tear film of an eye.

Abstract: A conjunctival cover including an annular generally curved shell having a conjunctival portion structured to conform to and overly at least part of the conjunctiva of an eye. The annular generally partially spherical shell defines a generally central opening. The central opening is sized to leave a cornea of the eye substantially or partially uncovered when the conjunctival cover is applied to the eye.

Abstract: A lens for refractive tear shaping, including a curved lens body defining a central cavity indented into its posterior surface. The central cavity has a posterior facing tear shaping surface structured to form a tear lens within the central cavity. The central cavity is structured to define a tear lens within the central cavity by interaction between a tear film of the eye and the posterior facing tear shaping surface. The anterior curvature of the tear lens being dependent on the shape of the tear shaping surface.

Abstract: A conjunctival cover including an annular generally curved shell having a conjunctival portion structured to conform to and overly at least part of the conjunctiva of an eye. The annular generally partially spherical shell defines a generally central opening. The central opening is sized to leave a cornea of the eye substantially or partially uncovered when the conjunctival cover is applied to the eye.

Abstract: A lens for refractive tear shaping, including a curved lens body defining an anterior partial thickness cavity indented into its anterior surface. The anterior partial thickness cavity has an anterior facing tear shaping surface structured to form a tear lens within the anterior partial thickness cavity. The anterior partial thickness cavity is structured to define a tear lens within the anterior partial thickness cavity by interaction between a tear film of the eye and the anterior facing base tear shaping surface. The posterior curvature of the tear lens is dependent on the shape of the anterior facing base tear shaping surface.

Abstract: A lens for refractive tear shaping, including a curved lens body defining a central cavity indented into its posterior surface. The central cavity has a posterior facing tear shaping surface structured to form a tear lens within the central cavity. The central cavity is structured to define a tear lens within the central cavity by interaction between a tear film of the eye and the posterior facing tear shaping surface. The anterior curvature of the tear lens being dependent on the shape of the tear shaping surface.

Abstract: A contact lens for application in practice of orthokeratology on an eye, including a curved shell having a concave surface and a convex surface. The concave surface includes a carrier zone and a back shaping zone, the back shaping zone having a first curvature and the carrier zone having at least one second curvature. The curved shell has a geometric center and the back shaping zone has a shaping zone center and the back shaping zone center is offset peripherally from the geometric center. The curved shell can have an overall diameter that approximates a corneal limbal diameter of the eye to which the contact lens is to be applied.

Abstract: A contact lens for application in practice of orthokeratology on an eye, including a curved shell having a concave surface and a convex surface. The concave surface includes a carrier zone and a back shaping zone, the back shaping zone having a first curvature and the carrier zone having at least one second curvature. The curved shell has a geometric center and the back shaping zone has a shaping zone center and the back shaping zone center is offset peripherally from the geometric center. The curved shell can have an overall diameter that approximates a corneal limbal diameter of the eye to which the contact lens is to be applied.

Abstract: A lens for refractive tear shaping, having a curved lens body with a peripheral edge and a central opening therein. The central opening is shaped and sized and has a tear shaping edge structured to form a tear meniscus within the central opening. The tear meniscus being formed by interaction of a tear film of the eye and the tear shaping edge and having a posterior curvature conforming to an anterior corneal curvature and an anterior curvature. The anterior curvature is dependent on the size and shape of the central opening and structure of the tear shaping edge.

Abstract: A lens for refractive tear shaping, including a curved lens body defining a central cavity indented into its posterior surface. The central cavity has a posterior facing tear shaping surface structured to form a tear lens within the central cavity. The central cavity is structured to define a tear lens within the central cavity by interaction between a tear film of the eye and the posterior facing tear shaping surface. The anterior curvature of the tear lens being dependent on the shape of the tear shaping surface.

Abstract: A conjunctival cover including an annular generally curved shell having a conjunctival portion structured to conform to and overly at least part of the conjunctiva of an eye. The annular generally partially spherical shell defines a generally central opening. The central opening is sized to leave a cornea of the eye substantially or partially uncovered when the conjunctival cover is applied to the eye.

Abstract: A contact lens system, including a peripheral conjunctival cover portion including a shell curved and sized to substantially overly a conjunctiva of an eye. The conjunctival cover portion defines a full thickness central opening therethrough. The central opening is positioned within the conjunctival cover and sized to expose at least a portion of a cornea of the eye. The contact lens system further includes a central contact lens portion that is substantially equivalent in size to the central opening and positioned or positionable at the central opening.