Abstract: A process comprising creating an immiscible mixture by combining (a) a hydrocarbon feedstock containing contaminants and (b) a wash water, to create the immiscible mixture with at least three distinct layers: a hydrocarbon layer, a rag layer, and a brine layer. In this process a portion of the contaminants are removed from the hydrocarbon mixture where are then transferred to the brine layer. The brine layer is then separated from the immiscible mixture. In this process an alkalinity modifier is added in the process to reduce the emulsions in the immiscible mixture to create the at least three distinct layers.

Abstract: A system comprising a pretreated hydrocarbon feedstock supply, wherein said pretreated hydrocarbon feedstock supply comprises at least hydrocarbon feedstock and dissolved salts; a wash water supply, wherein said wash water supply comprises at least water; an alkalinity modifier supply, wherein said alkalinity modifier supply comprises at least one alkalinity modifier or solutions thereof; a desalting vessel; a desalted crude outlet, wherein said desalted crude outlet comprises hydrocarbon feedstock with less dissolved salts by weight than the hydrocarbon feedstock in the pretreated hydrocarbon feedstock supply; and a wash water brine outlet, wherein said wash water brine outlet comprises water with more dissolved salts by weight than the water in the wash water supply.

Abstract: A process comprising creating an immiscible mixture by combining (a) a hydrocarbon feedstock containing contaminants and (b) a wash water, to create the immiscible mixture with at least three distinct layers: a hydrocarbon layer, a rag layer, and a brine layer. In this process a portion of the contaminants are removed from the hydrocarbon mixture where are then transferred to the brine layer. The brine layer is then separated from the immiscible mixture. In this process an alkalinity modifier is added in the process to reduce the emulsions in the immiscible mixture to create the at least three distinct layers.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for removing Se(IV) from aqueous solutions. The method begins by oxidizing an aqueous selenium solution with an aqueous oxidant to produce a Se(IV) solution. The Se(IV) solution is then contacted with a solid sorbent. The Se(IV) from the Se(IV) solution is then simultaneously adsorbed and encapsulated onto the solid sorbent to form an exhausted sorbent. The exhausted solid sorbent can then be disposed.

Abstract: Silica polyamine composites (SPC) made from silanized amorphous nano-porous silica gel and poly(allylamine) (BP-1) were functionalized with phosphorus acid using the Mannich reaction, resulting in a phosphonic acid modified composite (BPAP). Zirconium (IV) was immobilized on BPAP. Arsenate anions strongly adsorbed on the ZrBPAP composite in the pH range 2 to 8, while arsenite only adsorbed well at pH 10. Regeneration of the resin was carried out successfully for As(V) and As(III) using 2M-H2SO4. Four adsorption/desorption cycles were performed for As(V) at pH 4 without significant decrease in the uptake performance. ZrBPAP capture capacity and kinetics for arsenate were tested for longevity over 1000 cycles with only a marginal loss of performance.

Abstract: Silica polyamine composites (SPC) made from silanized amorphous nano-porous silica gel and poly(allylamine) (BP-1) were functionalized with phosphorus acid using the Mannich reaction, resulting in a phosphonic acid modified composite (BPAP). Zirconium (IV) was immobilized on BPAP. Arsenate anions strongly adsorbed on the ZrBPAP composite in the pH range 2 to 8, while arsenite only adsorbed well at pH 10. Regeneration of the resin was carried out successfully for As(V) and As(III) using 2M-H2SO4. Four adsorption/desorption cycles were performed for As(V) at pH 4 without significant decrease in the uptake performance. ZrBPAP capture capacity and kinetics for arsenate were tested for longevity over 1000 cycles with only a marginal loss of performance.

Abstract: Silica polyamine composites (SPC) made from silanized amorphous nano-porous silica gel and poly(allylamine) (BP-1) were functionalized with phosphorus acid using the Mannich reaction, resulting in a phosphonic acid modified composite (BPAP). Zirconium (IV) was immobilized on BPAP. Arsenate anions strongly adsorbed on the ZrBPAP composite in the pH range 2 to 8, while arsenite only adsorbed well at pH 10. Regeneration of the resin was carried out successfully for As(V) and As(III) using 2M-H2SO4. Four adsorption/desorption cycles were performed for As(V) at pH 4 without significant decrease in the uptake performance. ZrBPAP capture capacity and kinetics for arsenate were tested for longevity over 1000 cycles with only a marginal loss of performance.