Abstract: Various embodiments are directed toward cultivation systems configured to catch, retain and viably maintain spores, and, more specifically cultivation systems having a growth media configured to provide effective catchment, attachment, and growth of seaweed while providing anti-biofouling properties. The cultivation system may include a growth media with a rough surface supported by a support structure.

Abstract: Some aspects of the disclosure relate to composite materials and cultivation systems with particular utility for use in aquaculture, for example cultivating various species of seaweed. The systems comprise at least one highly tortuous and often micro-fibrous material and at least one material having low tortuosity. These systems may be configured in a variety of shapes and associated with a number of different structures. Some of these composite materials and cultivation systems may be used in both direct and indirect seeding of macroalgae plants such as seaweed.