Abstract: A method (and system) for guaranteeing authenticity of an object, includes providing a sample of material obtainable only by at least one of chemical and physical processes such that the sample is random and not reproducible, associating a number reproducibly to the sample by using a specific reader, and forming at least one coded version of the number, the at least one coded version being obtained by a key signature, and the version being recorded into an area of the object.

Abstract: Access to files by accessing programs, where files comprise other files, programs and data is controlled. An initial access class is assigned to each file and to each accessing program. An access class comprises an integrity access class and a secrecy access class. An integrity access class comprises rules governing modification of data contained in files and a security access class comprises rules governing disclosure of data contained in files. An integrity access class comprises a set of rules for allowing the performance of a read function, and another set of rules for allowing the performance of write/execute function. An execute function comprises transferring and chaining, where chaining comprises starting another process running at potentially different secrecy and integrity access classes. A secrecy access class comprises a set of rules for allowing the performance of a write function, and another set of rules for allowing the performance of read/execute function.