Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus for limiting voltage across a switch utilizing voltage clamping circuitry are provided. The voltage clamping circuitry may include a rectifier circuit comprising inputs and outputs, the inputs in parallel communication across operational circuitry; an electronic active switching device in parallel communication with the outputs of the rectifier circuit; and at least one Zener diode in parallel communication with the electronic active switching device. When voltage across the electronic active switching device and the Zener diode meets or exceeds a predetermined value, the current will flow through the electronic active switching device and limit voltage across the operational circuitry to within a voltage clamping circuitry voltage limit.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus for limiting voltage across a switch utilizing voltage clamping circuitry are provided. The voltage clamping circuitry may include a rectifier circuit comprising inputs and outputs, the inputs in parallel communication across operational circuitry; an electronic active switching device in parallel communication with the outputs of the rectifier circuit; and at least one Zener diode in parallel communication with the electronic active switching device. When voltage across the electronic active switching device and the Zener diode meets or exceeds a predetermined value, the current will flow through the electronic active switching device and limit voltage across the operational circuitry to within a voltage clamping circuitry voltage limit.

Abstract: A process for preparing tea concentrates particularly those suitable for making cold soluble instant tea products. The process involves preparing an extract of tea leaves that contains insoluble tea solids and at least 5% soluble tea solids. The extract is treated with air or oxygen at a temperature between room temperature and 100 ° C. for 1 to 120 minutes; while cell wall material from a vegetable source is mixed with it prior to or after said treatment with said air or oxygen. The solubilised extract is filtered and concentrated to yield the tea concentrate.