Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of nitro line aromatic compounds from aromatic hydrocarbons using modified clay catalysts. This invention particularly relates to a process for nitration of aromatic hydrocarbons using modified clay catalysts without using H2SO4. The process for the preparation of nitro compounds from aromatic hydrocarbons using modified clay catalysts comprises nitrating aromatic hydrocarbons using fuming nitric acid in the molar ratio of nitric acid to aromatic hydrocarbon 0.3:1 to 1.2:1 in the presence of metal exchanged clay catalyst at 25° C. to 155° C. for 0.25 to 2.0 hours and recovering the corresponding nitro compounds.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of high quality amine oxides by reacting a tertiary or secondary amine with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in the presence of a recyclable heterogeneous layered double hydroxide exchanged with one of the anions of transition metal oxides as a catalyst in an organic solvent at a temperature ranging between 10-25° C. for a period of 1-6 hours under continuous stirring and separating the product by simple filtration and subsequently evaporation of solvents by known methods.

Abstract: An improved process for the preparation of acyl naphthyl ethers useful as important intermediates for drugs, pharmaceuticals and polyesters by reacting a naphthyl ether with a C2-C5 acid anhydride as an acylating agent employing a zeolite beta catalyst is disclosed.

Abstract: An improved process for the preparation of acyl aromatic ethers useful as important intermediates for drugs and pharmaceuticals by reacting an aromatic ether with an acylating agent selected from a C2-C8 acid anhydrides, employing nano- and microcrystalline zeolite beta as catalyst is disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of high quality tetrabromobisphenol-A by reacting bisphenol-A with bromine and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst in a biphase system consisting of water and water immiscible organic solvents.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of acylferrocenes from a ferrocene using a montmorillonite or a metal ion exchanged K10 montnorillonite clay catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel single step process for the production of amides from amines comprising reaction of amines with an acylating agent comprising of a carboxylic acid in a molar ratio of 1:3 to 1:10 in the presence of reusable natural montmorillonite/metal ion-exchanged clay catalysts, in a suitable solvent medium at a temperature in the range of 30-160° C. for a period of 0.02 to 6 hrs, and recovering the corresponding amides by a conventional simple work-up procedure.

Abstract: The invention provides a herbal formulation useful as a therapeutic and cosmetic applications for the treatment of general skin disorders, the composition comprising at least two or more plant extracts in the form of oil or powder or mixtures thereof, the plant extracts being selected from the group consisting of Gymnena sylvestrae water extract 3 to 6 wt. %; Tridax procumbens water extract 3 to 6 wt. %; its methanolic extract 4 to 6 wt. %, Allium sativum oil hexane extract 1 to 3 wt. %; dried juice of Aloe vera 2 to 6 wt. %; Gum Olibanum powder in the natural form 4 to 7 wt. %; Gum Olibanum resinoid organic solvent extract 3 to 8 wt. %; and resinoid free Gum Olibanum meal 5 to 10 wt. %., optionally, including any drug having anti-inflammatory and wound healing property or mixture thereof, the drug being selected from the group consisting of Disclofenac sodium 1-3 wt. %, Salicyclic acid 1 to 4 wt. %, Piroxicam 1 to 2 wt. %, Turmeric powder 0.1 to 1 wt.

Abstract: A cleaning method for a quartz substrate includes mixing a rinsing solution and mixing a cleaning solution such that the solutions are electrically conductive. The rinsing solution is carbonated and is used in more than one step within the method. The cleaning solution includes ammonium hydroxide. As a result of the electrical conductivity of the solutions, the cleaning method is less susceptible to surface damage caused by electrostatic discharge. The sequence of steps includes rinsing the quartz substrate with the carbonated rinsing solution, removing loose contaminants by a high pressure application of the cleaning solution, and removing organic contaminants in a strong oxidation environment using a solution of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The carbonated rinsing solution is again applied, followed by another high pressure application of the cleaning solution and a final rinse with the carbonated rinsing solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of nitroarenes with high para-selectivity from monosubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons using aluminosilicates as catalysts, which comprises nitration of monosubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons using aluminosilicates of different ratios wherein Si/Al ranges between 5 to 1000 and the said aluminosilicates being manifested in the form of variety of zeolites and K10 montmorillonite as catalysts using nitric acid in the molar ratio of nitric acid to monosubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons ranging between 0.25 to 2.5 at a temperature in the range of 30-160.degree. C. for a period ranging between 0.25 to 3.0 h and followed by continuous removal of water formed from the reaction mixture with a Dean-Stark apparatus and recovery of the product mixture by concentration of the reaction mixture after separation of the catalyst by filtration.

Abstract: A nematic liquid crystal composition comprises a fluorinated Schiff base of the general formula, X--Ph--HC=N--Ph--F, where X is an alkyl, acyl, acyloxy or alkoxy group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and a p-alkoxy benzylidene-p-alkyl aniline, if desired with a small amount of a p-alkoxy benzylidene-p-cyanoaniline. An electro-optical device comprises a container for a layer of the liquid crystal composition described, a layer of such composition therein, and means to supply a current across all or a selected or predetermined area of such layer to cause alignment of the liquid crystals. Methods of making the fluorinated Schiff base, the liquid crystal composition and the device are provided.