Abstract: A method for producing long chain cellulose esters by a mechanochemical synthesis. The method comprises esterification of cellulose by mixing and subjecting to mechanical forces at least cellulose, a fatty acid and/or a fatty acid derivative comprising a chain length of at least C6, an alkali salt, and a neutral or alkaline drying agent, wherein the long chain cellulose esters are obtained, which cellulose esters comprise a fatty acid having chain length of at least C6. In a method, esterification of cellulose is performed without using any organic solvents.

Abstract: Compositions, such as surfactant compositions, and methods of forming compositions, such as surfactant compositions, which may include a gemini surfactant. The methods may use a starting material from a waste stream from another process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of preparing arylvinylsulphones. The method comprises forming o a first reaction mixture comprising a catalyst complex of Cu(I)halide and a ligand, wherein the ligand is selected from mono-, bi- or polydentate amine ligands and further comprises an organic sulphonate; a reactive solvent selected from (meth)acrylonitrile or alkyl (meth)acrylate; and an aryl sulfonyl halide reactant. A reaction is allowed to proceed in the first reaction mixture at an elevated temperature, whereby an intermediate product is obtained. The unreacted reactive solvent is separated from the first reaction mixture, and the intermediate product is dissolved to a low polarity solvent to form a second reaction mixture. A base is added to the second reaction mixture, wherein the intermediate product undergoes a base-catalyzed elimination of the halogen atom from the intermediate product to form the compound according to Formula (I), preferably under cooling.

Abstract: Compounds, polymer compositions, systems, and methods for determining a concentration of a polymer composition in a fluid. The polymer compositions may include a copolymer that includes a tagging monomer. The copolymer may have a molecular weight of at least 1,000,000 Da (Mw). Methods for synthesizing compounds and polymer compositions.

Abstract: Tagged copolymers, polymer compositions including the tagged copolymers, methods of copolymerization, and methods of hydraulic fracturing. The copolymers may be tagged with a monomer as described herein. Two tagging monomers exhibiting peak fluorescence at different wavelengths may be used to permit monitoring of multiple wells.

Abstract: Tagging agents, including fluorescent monomers, which may lack polymerizable double bonds. Anti-scalant polymer compositions that include a copolymer of a tagging agent and an anti-scalant monomer. Methods for synthesizing tagging agents, anti-scalant polymer compositions, and detecting an anti-scalant polymer composition.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of preparing arylvinylsulphones. The method comprises forming o a first reaction mixture comprising a catalyst complex of Cu(I)halide and a ligand, wherein the ligand is selected from mono-, bi- or polydentate amine ligands and further comprises an organic sulphonate; a reactive solvent selected from (meth)acrylonitrile or alkyl (meth)acrylate; and an aryl sulfonyl halide reactant. A reaction is allowed to proceed in the first reaction mixture at an elevated temperature, whereby an intermediate product is obtained. The unreacted reactive solvent is separated from the first reaction mixture, and the intermediate product is dissolved to a low polarity solvent to form a second reaction mixture. A base is added to the second reaction mixture, wherein the intermediate product undergoes a base-catalyzed elimination of the halogen atom from the intermediate product to form the compound according to Formula (I), preferably under cooling.