Abstract: Methods of performing metrology. In one arrangement a substrate has a layer. The layer comprises a two-dimensional material. A target portion of the layer is illuminated with a beam of radiation and a distribution of radiation in a pupil plane is detected to obtain measurement data. The measurement data is processed to obtain metrology information about the target portion of the layer. The illuminating, detecting and processing are performed for plural different target portions of the layer to obtain metrology information for the plural target portions of the layer.

Abstract: A method is provided for modifying a surface of a solid conducting material, which includes applying a potential difference between this surface and a surface of another conducting solid material positioned facing it, and wherein, simultaneously, the surface (S) is put into contact with a liquid medium comprising in solution triarylamines (I): while subjecting these triarylamines (I) to electromagnetic radiation, at least partly converting them at into triarylammonium radicals. Also provided is a conducting device which includes two conducting metal materials, the surfaces of which, (S) and (S?) respectively, are electrically interconnected through an organic material comprising conducting fibrillar organic supramolecular species comprising an association of triarylamines of formula (I).

Abstract: An electrical device in provided having two electrodes separated from one another, wherein one temperature controlled electronic spin-state transition particle is in direct contact with each of the two electrodes, the particle being of the ionic type and containing a transition metal bearing a cationic charge.

Abstract: A method is provided for modifying a surface of a solid conducting material, which includes applying a potential difference between this surface and a surface of another conducting solid material positioned facing it, and wherein, simultaneously, the surface (S) is put into contact with a liquid medium comprising in solution triarylamines (I): while subjecting these triarylamines (I) to electromagnetic radiation, at least partly converting them at into triarylammonium radicals. Also provided is a conducting device which includes two conducting metal materials, the surfaces of which, (S) and (S?) respectively, are electrically interconnected through an organic material comprising conducting fibrillar organic supramolecular species comprising an association of triarylamines of formula (I).

Abstract: A method is provided for modifying a surface of a solid conducting material, which includes applying a potential difference between this surface and a surface of another conducting solid material positioned facing it, and wherein, simultaneously, the surface (S) is put into contact with a liquid medium comprising in solution triarylamines (I): while subjecting these triarylamines (I) to electromagnetic radiation, at least partly converting them at into triarylammonium radicals. Also provided is a conducting device which includes two conducting metal materials, the surfaces of which, (S) and (S?) respectively, are electrically interconnected through an organic material comprising conducting fibrillar organic supramolecular species comprising an association of triarylamines of formula (I).

Abstract: An electrical device in provided having two electrodes separated from one another, wherein one temperature controlled electronic spin-state transition particle is in direct contact with each of the two electrodes, the particle being of the ionic type and containing a transition metal bearing a cationic charge.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for modifying a surface of a solid conducting material, which comprises a step (E), in which a potential difference is applied between this surface and a surface of another conducting solid material positioned facing it, and wherein, simultaneously, said surface (S) is put into contact with a liquid medium comprising in solution triarylamines (I): while subjecting these triarylamines (I) to electromagnetic radiation, least partly converting them at into triarylammonium radicals. The invention also relates to a conducting device comprising two conducting metal materials, the surfaces of which, (S) and (S?) respectively, are electrically interconnected through an organic material comprising conducting fibrillar organic supramolecular species comprising an association of triarylamines of formula (I).