Abstract: Disclosed are compositions of matter comprising an adipic acid product of formula (1) wherein R is independently a salt-forming ion, hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, or substituted hydrocarbyl, and at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of formula (2) wherein R is as defined above and each of R1 is, independently, H, OH, acyloxy or substituted acyloxy provided, however, that at least one of R1 is OH, and formula (3) wherein R is as above defined and R1 is OH, acyloxy or substituted acyloxy. Also disclosed are compositions of matter comprising at least about 99 wt % adipic acid and least two constituents selected from the group consisting of formula (2) and formula (3), above.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for the chemocatalytic conversion of a carbohydrate source to an adipic acid product. The present invention includes processes for the conversion of a carbohydrate source to an adipic acid product via a furanic substrate, such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid or derivatives thereof. The present invention also includes processes for producing an adipic acid product comprising the catalytic hydrogenation of a furanic substrate to produce a tetrahydrofuranic substrate and the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of at least a portion of the tetrahydrofuranic substrate to an adipic acid product. The present invention also includes products produced from adipic acid product and processes for the production thereof from such adipic acid product.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to processes for the separation of at least one di-carboxylic acid compound and/or at least one mono-carboxylic acid compound from a mixture. The separation processes involve contacting the mixture with an ion exchange medium to cause at least one of the mono- and/or di-carboxylic acid compounds to be retained by the medium, eluting at least one of the mono-carboxylic acid compound or the di-carboxylic acid compound using an eluent to form an eluate, wherein the eluate is enriched in at least one of the mono-carboxylic acid compound or di-carboxylic acid relative to the concentration of such eluted acid in the mixture having contacted the medium and wherein the eluent comprises an organic acid. The process has particular utility in the production of di-carboxylic acid compounds from glucose.

Abstract: Processes are disclosed for the conversion of 1,6-hexanediol to adipic acid employing a chemocatalytic reaction in which 1,6-hexanediol is reacted with oxygen in the presence of particular heterogeneous catalysts including at least one of platinum or gold. The metals are preferably provided on a support selected from the group of titania, stabilized titania, zirconia, stabilized zirconia, silica or mixtures thereof, most preferably zirconia stabilized with tungsten. The reaction with oxygen is carried out at a temperature from about 100° C. to about 300° C. and at a partial pressure of oxygen from about 50 psig to about 2000 psig.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for the chemocatalytic conversion of a carbohydrate source to an adipic acid product. The present invention includes processes for the conversion of a carbohydrate source to an adipic acid product via a furanic substrate, such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid or derivatives thereof. The present invention also includes processes for producing an adipic acid product comprising the catalytic hydrogenation of a furanic substrate to produce a tetrahydrofuranic substrate and the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of at least a portion of the tetrahydrofuranic substrate to an adipic acid product. The present invention also includes products produced from adipic acid product and processes for the production thereof from such adipic acid product.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for the conversion of glucose to caprolactam employing chemocatalytic oxidation and reduction reactions. The present invention also includes processes for the conversion of glucose to caprolactam via amido polyhydroxy acid products and amidocaproic acid or derivatives thereof. The present invention also includes processes that catalytically oxidize an amidopolyol to amidopolyhydroxy acid or derivatives thereof, and processes that catalytically hydrodeoxygenate amino or amido polyhydroxy acid or derivatives thereof to an amino or amidocaproic acid product. The amino or amidocaproic acid product may then be converted to caprolactam. The present invention also includes products produced by such processes and products producable from such products.

Abstract: Disclosed are catalysts comprised of platinum and gold. The catalysts are generally useful for the selective oxidation of compositions comprised of a primary alcohol group and at least one secondary alcohol group wherein at least the primary alcohol group is converted to a carboxyl group. More particularly, the catalysts are supported catalysts including particles comprising gold and particles comprising platinum, wherein the molar ratio of platinum to gold is in the range of about 100:1 to about 1:4, the platinum is essentially present as Pt(0) and the platinum-containing particles are of a size in the range of about 2 to about 50 nm. Also disclosed are methods for the oxidative chemocatalytic conversion of carbohydrates to carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof. Additionally, methods are disclosed for the selective oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid or derivatives thereof using catalysts comprising platinum and gold. Further, methods are disclosed for the production of such catalysts.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions of matter comprising an adipic acid product of formula (1) wherein R is independently a salt-forming ion, hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, or substituted hydrocarbyl, and at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of formula (2) wherein R is as defined above and each of R1 is, independently, H, OH, acyloxy or substituted acyloxy provided, however, that at least one of R1 is OH, and formula (3) wherein R is as above defined and R1 is OH, acyloxy or substituted acyloxy. Also disclosed are compositions of matter comprising at least about 99 wt % adipic acid and least two constituents selected from the group consisting of formula (2) and formula (3), above.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for the chemocatalytic conversion of a carbohydrate source to an adipic acid product. The present invention includes processes for the conversion of a carbohydrate source to an adipic acid product via a furanic substrate, such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid or derivatives thereof. The present invention also includes processes for producing an adipic acid product comprising the catalytic hydrogenation of a furanic substrate to produce a tetrahydrofuranic substrate and the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of at least a portion of the tetrahydrofuranic substrate to an adipic acid product. The present invention also includes products produced from adipic acid product and processes for the production thereof from such adipic acid product.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for the chemocatalytic conversion of a pentose source to a glutaric acid product. The present invention includes processes for the conversion of pentose to a glutaric acid product via pentaric acid or derivatives thereof. The present invention also includes processes comprising the catalytic oxidation of pentose to pentaric acid and catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of pentaric acid or derivatives thereof to a glutaric acid product.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for the chemocatalytic conversion of a glucose source to an adipic acid product. The present invention includes processes for the conversion of glucose to an adipic acid product via glucaric acid or derivatives thereof. The present invention also includes processes comprising catalytic oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid or derivative thereof and processes comprising the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of glucaric acid or derivatives thereof to an adipic acid product. The present invention also includes products produced from adipic acid product and processes for the production thereof from such adipic acid product.

Abstract: A method for generating and detecting seismic shear wave energy in the earth are disclosed useful for determining shear wave velocities in localized regions in the earth at sites where foundations of large civil engineering structures are proposed or earth embankments and dams have been built, thereby providing information affecting the basic dynamic design parameters for constructing or evaluating the project and obtaining earthquake resistant design. An airgun of elongated generally cylindrical configuration and having a single discharge port opening out radially on one side only for abruptly releasing compressed air in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the airgun is lowered into a borehole in a manner and by apparatus to control the direction in azimuth at which this single lateral discharge port is aimed.