Abstract: A proton exchange membrane fuel cell includes at least one membrane-electrode assembly including an electrolyte membrane based on a fluorine free polymer grafted with side chains containing proton conductive functional groups, and interposed between an anode and a cathode, the anode including a catalytic layer including a catalyst and a fluorinated ionomer. The catalytic layer has a fluorine/catalyst ratio that increases in a direction from the electrolyte membrane to an outer surface of the anode.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell has a cathode, at least an electrolyte membrane, and an anode having a ceramic containing at least one of cobalt and iron, the ceramic being mixed with doped ceria.

Abstract: The invention concerns a proton exchange membrane comprising a perfluorosulfonic acid having silica particles embedded therein in a concentration by weight comprised between 0.01 and 50% by weight and dimensions comprised between 0.001 and 10 micrometers, characterized in that said membrane comprises both an amorphous and a crystalline phase and the ratio thereof is adjusted by means of a controlled thermal treatment at a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature, controlled by an X-ray spectrometer. The invention further concerns an electrochemical cell using said membrane, in particular a fuel cell and the method of operating the same.

Abstract: A proton exchange membrane comprising a perfluorosulfonic acid having silica particles embedded therein at a concentration of 0.01 to 5% by weight, said particles having a dimension of 0.001 to 10 micrometers, the membrane having a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase in a ratio adjusted by controlled thermal treatment at a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature, an electrochemical cell containing said membrane and a process for oxidizing a fuel in said electrochemical cell.