Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) circuit includes a signal path coupled between two RF inputs and at least one baseband output terminal. The signal path includes a 90° hybrid coupler including a first port that receives a first RF signal and a second port that receives a second RF signal. The 90° hybrid coupler generates a first coupler output signal based on the first RF signal and the second RF signal and generates a second coupler output signal based on the first RF signal and the second RF signal. The signal path includes a quadrature down-converter configured to down-convert the first coupler output signal into a first baseband signal and down-convert the second coupler output signal into a second baseband signal. The RF circuit includes a baseband combiner circuit configured to combine the first baseband signal and the second baseband signal to generate at least one of output signal.

Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) system includes a radar monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC), which includes: a phase detector including a test input port, and a monitoring input port, wherein the phase detector is configured to generate an output signal that represents a phase difference between a test signal received at the test input port and a monitoring signal received at the monitoring input port; a test signal path including at least one active component, the test signal path configured to receive a local oscillator signal and provide the local oscillator signal as the test signal to the test input port during a first measurement interval; and a passive signal path configured to receive the local oscillator signal and provide the local oscillator signal to the monitoring input port as the monitoring signal during the first measurement interval.

Abstract: A circuit includes a radio frequency (RF) channel including an input node and an output node and being configured to receive an RF oscillator signal at the input node and to provide an RF output signal at the output node; a mixer configured to mix an RF reference signal and an RF test signal representative of the RF output signal to generate a mixer output signal; an analog-to-digital converter configured to sample the mixer output signal in order to provide a sequence of sampled values; and a control circuit configured to provide a sequence of phase offsets by phase-shifting at least one of the RF test signal and the RF reference signal using one or more phase shifters, calculate a spectral value from the sequence of sampled values; and calculate estimated phase information indicating a phase of the RF output signal based on the spectral value.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor chip including an electrical contact arranged on a main surface of the semiconductor chip, an external connection element configured to provide a first electrical connection between the semiconductor device and a printed circuit board, and an electrical redistribution layer extending in a direction parallel to the main surface of the semiconductor chip and configured to provide a second electrical connection between the electrical contact of the semiconductor chip and the external connection element. The electrical redistribution layer includes a ground line connected to a ground potential and a signal line configured to carry an electrical signal having a wavelength.

Abstract: A balanced power amplifier includes a first power amplifier configured to apply a first gain having a first predetermined magnitude and a first programmable phase adjustable phase to generate a first amplified signal, the first programmable phase being adjustable to either a first phase or to a second phase that is 180° phase shifted relative to the first phase; a second power amplifier configured to apply a second gain having a second predetermined magnitude and a second programmable phase to generate a second amplified signal, the second programmable phase being adjustable to either the first phase or to the second phase; and a 90° hybrid coupler configured to receive the first amplified signal and the second amplified signal and generate and output a first output signal or a second output signal based on a combination of the first amplified signal and the second amplified signal.

Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) circuit includes a signal path coupled between two RF inputs and at least one baseband output terminal. The signal path includes a 90° hybrid coupler including a first port that receives a first RF signal and a second port that receives a second RF signal. The 90° hybrid coupler generates a first coupler output signal based on the first RF signal and the second RF signal and generates a second coupler output signal based on the first RF signal and the second RF signal. The signal path includes a quadrature down-converter configured to down-convert the first coupler output signal into a first baseband signal and down-convert the second coupler output signal into a second baseband signal. The RF circuit includes a baseband combiner circuit configured to combine the first baseband signal and the second baseband signal to generate at least one of output signal.

Abstract: A method for the use in a radar system is described herein. In accordance with one embodiment, the method includes providing a local oscillator signal to an RF output channel of a radar system. The RF output channel is configured to generate, in an enabled state, an RF output signal based on the local oscillator signal. The method further includes determining a first measurement signal based on the local oscillator signal and a first representation of the RF output signal, while the RF output channel is disabled, and thus the first measurement signal represents crosstalk. Further, the method includes determining a second measurement signal based on the local oscillator signal and a second representation of the RF output signal while the RF output channel is enabled. A phase value associated with the RF output channel is determined based on the first measurement signal and the second measurement signal.

Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) system includes a radar monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MIMIC), which includes: a phase detector including a test input port, and a monitoring input port, wherein the phase detector is configured to generate an output signal that represents a phase difference between a test signal received at the test input port and a monitoring signal received at the monitoring input port; a test signal path including at least one active component, the test signal path configured to receive a local oscillator signal and provide the local oscillator signal as the test signal to the test input port during a first measurement interval; and a passive signal path configured to receive the local oscillator signal and provide the local oscillator signal to the monitoring input port as the monitoring signal during the first measurement interval.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor chip including an electrical contact arranged on a main surface of the semiconductor chip, an external connection element configured to provide a first electrical connection between the semiconductor device and a printed circuit board, and an electrical redistribution layer extending in a direction parallel to the main surface of the semiconductor chip and configured to provide a second electrical connection between the electrical contact of the semiconductor chip and the external connection element. The electrical redistribution layer includes a ground line connected to a ground potential and a signal line configured to carry an electrical signal having a wavelength.

Abstract: Noise test systems, methods, and circuitries are provided for determining a phase error of a first modulator using a second modulator. In one example, an integrated circuit device includes a first modulator configured to modulate a first signal to generate a first modulated signal and a second modulator configured to modulate a second signal to generate a second modulated signal. The first signal and the second signal are based on the same reference signal. The integrated circuit device also includes analysis circuitry configured to determine a phase error of the first modulator based on the first modulated signal and the second modulated signal.

Abstract: A circuit includes a radio frequency (RF) channel including an input node and an output node and being configured to receive an RF oscillator signal at the input node and to provide an RF output signal at the output node; a mixer configured to mix an RF reference signal and an RF test signal representative of the RF output signal to generate a mixer output signal; an analog-to-digital converter configured to sample the mixer output signal in order to provide a sequence of sampled values; and a control circuit configured to provide a sequence of phase offsets by phase-shifting at least one of the RF test signal and the RF reference signal using one or more phase shifters, calculate a spectral value from the sequence of sampled values; and calculate estimated phase information indicating a phase of the RF output signal based on the spectral value.

Abstract: A circuit is described herein. In accordance with one embodiment the circuit includes two or more RF channels, wherein each channel includes an input node, a phase shifter and an output node. Each channel is configured to receive an RF oscillator signal at the input node and to provide an RF output signal at the output node. The circuit further includes an RF combiner circuit that is coupled with the outputs of the RF channels and configured to generate a combined signal representing a combination of the RF output signals, and a monitor circuit that includes a mixer and is configured to receive and down-convert the combined signal using an RF reference signal. Thus a mixer output signal is generated that depends on the phases of the RF output signals.

Abstract: A circuit includes a transmission channel that outputs a continuous-wave signal based on a reference signal, a transmit monitoring signal path that couples out a portion of the transmit signal as a monitoring signal, a test phase shifter that receives the reference signal and generates a phase-shifted signal based on a sequence of phase offsets applied to the reference signal, a phase mixer that mixes the phase-shifted signal and the monitoring signal to generate a mixer output signal including a plurality of direct current (DC) values, an analog-to-digital converter that samples the mixer output signal in order to provide a sequence of DC values; and a monitor circuit that applies a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to the sequence of DC values to generate a plurality of DFT bins with corresponding DFT bin values, and generate compensated phase information of the transmission channel using at least two DFT bin values.

Abstract: A method is disclosed use with a circuit device that includes a circuit having a predetermined voltage-current characteristic and a detector configured to detect a voltage-current relation of the circuit. The method includes using the detector to detect the voltage-current relation of the circuit, and indicating if the detected voltage-current relation differs from the predetermined voltage-current characteristic. A circuit device includes a circuit having a predetermined voltage-current characteristic, and a detector configured to detect a voltage-current relation of the circuit. The circuit device is configured to indicate if the detected voltage-current relation differs from the predetermined voltage-current characteristic.

Abstract: A method for the use in a radar system is described herein. In accordance with one embodiment, the method includes providing a local oscillator signal to an RF output channel of a radar system. The RF output channel is configured to generate, in an enabled state, an RF output signal based on the local oscillator signal. The method further includes determining a first measurement signal based on the local oscillator signal and a first representation of the RF output signal, while the RF output channel is disabled, and thus the first measurement signal represents crosstalk. Further, the method includes determining a second measurement signal based on the local oscillator signal and a second representation of the RF output signal while the RF output channel is enabled. A phase value associated with the RF output channel is determined based on the first measurement signal and the second measurement signal.

Abstract: Noise test systems, methods, and circuitries are provided for determining a phase error of a first modulator using a second modulator. In one example, an integrated circuit device includes a first modulator configured to modulate a first signal to generate a first modulated signal and a second modulator configured to modulate a second signal to generate a second modulated signal. The first signal and the second signal are based on the same reference signal.

Abstract: A circuit includes a transmission channel that outputs a continuous-wave signal based on a reference signal, a transmit monitoring signal path that couples out a portion of the transmit signal as a monitoring signal, a test phase shifter that receives the reference signal and generates a phase-shifted signal based on a sequence of phase offsets applied to the reference signal, a phase mixer that mixes the phase-shifted signal and the monitoring signal to generate a mixer output signal including a plurality of direct current (DC) values, an analog-to-digital converter that samples the mixer output signal in order to provide a sequence of DC values; and a monitor circuit that applies a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to the sequence of DC values to generate a plurality of DFT bins with corresponding DFT bin values, and generate compensated phase information of the transmission channel using at least two DFT bin values.

Abstract: The description is of a circuit which, according to one example embodiment, comprises the following: an input circuit node for receiving an RF oscillator signal; a test signal generator circuit, which comprises at least one modulator and which is embodied to generate an RF test signal by modulating the RF oscillator signal. Further, the circuit comprises at least one receive channel with a receiver circuit and a coupler, which is embodied to feed the RF test signal into the receiver circuit.

Abstract: The present invention offers a solution to the problem of the “strong” authentication of a user who intends to access an IT platform to benefit from a generic service. The invention finds its main application (and this is the industrial context in which it was conceived) in the “strong” identification of the subjects wishing to make economic transactions on a generic IT platform, but it is certainly applicable with a wide generality and effectiveness in all contexts in which it is advisable to identify in a “strong” way an operator who accesses an IT platform for the most varied reasons. In extreme synthesis, the present invention combines two existing systems (and therefore, in general, known systems) which are therefore modified with the addition of new functionalities so that they can be integrated in such a way as to cooperate, in a manner that, de-facto, they become a new combined system.

Abstract: A circuit is described herein. In accordance with one embodiment the circuit includes two or more RF channels, wherein each channel includes an input node, a phase shifter and an output node. Each channel is configured to receive an RF oscillator signal at the input node and to provide an RF output signal at the output node. The circuit further includes an RF combiner circuit that is coupled with the outputs of the RF channels and configured to generate a combined signal representing a combination of the RF output signals, and a monitor circuit that includes a mixer and is configured to receive and down-convert the combined signal using an RF reference signal. Thus a mixer output signal is generated that depends on the phases of the RF output signals.