Abstract: A voltage source providing a constant reference voltage, independent of load variations at an output terminal. The effective impedance (looking-in impedance) at the output terminal is designed to be independent of frequency of the signals at the output terminal. In an embodiment, the resistance of one of two parallel impedance paths constituting the effective impedance is made equal to the resistance of the other path, and the time constants of both paths are made equal. As a result, the effective impedance is made independent of frequency, and the strength of the reference voltage is maintained constant without exhibiting ringing, DC droop, etc., despite load variations.

Abstract: A voltage source providing a constant reference voltage, independent of load variations at an output terminal. The effective impedance (looking-in impedance) at the output terminal is designed to be independent of frequency of the signals at the output terminal. In an embodiment, the resistance of one of two parallel impedance paths constituting the effective impedance is made equal to the resistance of the other path, and the time constants of both paths are made equal. As a result, the effective impedance is made independent of frequency, and the strength of the reference voltage is maintained constant without exhibiting ringing, DC droop, etc., despite load variations.

Abstract: A comparator presents a linear load to input signals when providing a comparison output of two input signals. The comparator contains a transistor configured in a source/emitter follower configuration, and operates in the saturation region for substantially the entire range of strengths of the input signals. As a result, the comparator presents a substantially constant load to the input signals. When incorporated in circuits such as a pipeline ADC, the comparator may substantially eliminate errors due to non-linear loads.