Abstract: The invention relates to newly characterized light-inducible inward proton pumps and their use in medicine, their utility as optogenetic tools, nucleic acid constructs encoding same, expression vectors carrying the nucleic acid construct, cells comprising said nucleic acid construct or expression vector, and their respective uses.

Abstract: The invention relates to newly characterized light-inducible inward proton pumps and their use in medicine, their utility as optogenetic tools, nucleic acid constructs encoding same, expression vectors carrying the nucleic acid construct, cells comprising said nucleic acid construct or expression vector, and their respective uses.

Abstract: The invention relates to mutant NQ-Rhodopsin having potassium pumping properties, nucleic acid constructs encoding same, expression vectors carrying the nucleic acid construct, cells comprising said nucleic acid construct or expression vector, and their respective uses.

Abstract: A method for detecting defective injectors includes operating an internal combustion engine in an idling mode and deactivating mixture control of the internal combustion engine. The method also includes switching off selectively each injector of the respective injection group, detecting the change in the characteristic value when the respective injector is switched off, and checking a fault criterion. The fault criterion is satisfied when the change in the characteristic value for the respective switched-off injector exceeds or undershoots a predetermined amount. The method also includes detecting a defect in the respective injector in response to the fault criterion being satisfied.

Abstract: A method is provided for detecting defective injectors for feeding fuel into the combustion chambers of an internal combustion engine, in particular in a motor vehicle, in which the internal combustion engine is operated in the idling mode with an idling rotational speed which is increased compared to the normal idling mode. The mixture control of the internal combustion engine is deactivated, by which control the mixture of fuel and air in the respective combustion chambers is adjusted in the normal operating mode of the internal combustion engine based on a characteristic value which depends on the ratio of air to fuel in the mixture and which is measured for one or more injection groups composed of a plurality of injectors of the internal combustion engine, in each case jointly for all the injectors of the injection group.