Abstract: Two identity spaces form a federation by agreeing to use a secret key to facilitate secure access of resources between them. When one identity space receives a request for a resource from a user in the other identity space, the first identity space checks to see if the resource is protected. If the resource is protected, the first identity space requests that a mediator in the second identity space authenticate the external user. The mediator verifies the external user's authenticity. Once the external user is authenticated, the mediator securely informs the first identity space, using the secret key, that the external user is authenticated to access the resource. The identity space then grants the user access to the resource if the user is allowed access as per the access control policy of the identity space.