Abstract: A manual controller for controlling a machine comprises a mounting platform and a control lever. The control lever is mounted in a joint on the mounting platform so that it can pivot about an axis. A position sensor detects the deflection of the control lever and generates a signal corresponding to the deflection. An evaluation and processing unit processes the signal from the position sensor and controls the machine according to the deflection. A return mechanism returns the control lever back to a starting position.

Abstract: A manual controller for controlling a machine comprises a mounting platform and a control lever. The control lever is mounted in a joint on the mounting platform so that it can pivot about an axis. A position sensor detects the deflection of the control lever and generates a signal corresponding to the deflection. An evaluation and processing unit processes the signal from the position sensor and controls the machine according to the deflection. A return mechanism returns the control lever back to a starting position.

Abstract: A sensor (S) is provided for determining the stroke of the piston rod (6) of a fluid cylinder, particularly a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder. The sensor includes a lighting unit for illuminating a code applied on the surface of the piston rod and differing from said surface by color, a first camera unit with a first lens system for recording a first image of the illuminated code in a first scanning window, an evaluation unit for evaluating output signals of the first camera unit, and an interface for issuing the evaluated output signals as information regarding the position of the piston rod. Additionally, a second redundant camera unit is provided with a second lens system, which serves for recording a second image of the illuminated code in a second scanning window.

Abstract: A sensor (S) is provided for determining the stroke of the piston rod (6) of a fluid cylinder, particularly a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder. The sensor includes a lighting unit for illuminating a code applied on the surface of the piston rod and differing from said surface by color, a first camera unit with a first lens system for recording a first image of the illuminated code in a first scanning window, an evaluation unit for evaluating output signals of the first camera unit, and an interface for issuing the evaluated output signals as information regarding the position of the piston rod. Additionally, a second redundant camera unit is provided with a second lens system, which serves for recording a second image of the illuminated code in a second scanning window.