Abstract: Example embodiments relate to surgical systems. The system includes an end-effector assembly having an instrument. The system includes a first arm assembly. A distal end of first arm assembly is securable to the end-effector assembly. The system includes an elbow joint assembly. A distal end of elbow joint assembly is secured to a proximal end of first arm assembly. A proximal end of elbow joint assembly is secured to a distal end of second arm assembly. The second arm assembly includes a first elbow drive assembly. The first elbow drive assembly includes an integrated motor for driving the elbow joint assembly to pivotally move the first arm assembly relative to an axis. The second arm assembly also includes a second elbow drive assembly. The second elbow drive assembly includes an integrated motor for driving the elbow joint assembly to pivotally move the first arm assembly relative to another axis.

Abstract: An image projection system has a single reflective light modulator (111), and includes at least one light source (101,103,105). A combiner (107) may be used to combine the light emitted from multiple light sources. A field lens (110) may be placed in conjunction with the reflective light modulator. An optical system (108) may be used to uniformly distribute the light projected on the reflective light modulator and so to be independent of the light intensity distribution of the light source, and/or to change the shape of the light to be projected onto the reflective light modulator. The image projection system may be mounted in a mechanical structure (701,801) having a loudspeaker driver unit (802) installed directly on a surface such that the acoustical and optical waves share the same space. The mechanical structure may be composed of a heat conducting device attached to a heat generating element.

Abstract: According to the invention there is provided a liquid crystal display device comprising at least two substrates, a homeotropic alignment film coated on said substrates, and a nematic liquid crystal mixture between adjacent substrates. A homeotropic alignment film in the form of a single Fluorinated-Diamond like Carbon (F-DLC) layer deposited onto the substrates with fluorinated gases by oblique plasma deposition method is disclosed.

Abstract: A driving scheme for a liquid crystal display of any order and dimension, comprising matrix building blocks possessing Orthogonal and Shift Orthogonality properties. The driving scheme uses paraunitary matrices of the order M×(N+1)M as the orthogonal building blocks.

Abstract: A bistable twisted nematic LCD cell is presented. The cell includes front and rear polarizes, substrates and a liquid crystal layer between the substrates. Rubbing directions are arranged to give an initial twist angle of the liquid crystal, arranged such that the cell does not make a configuration with an initial twist angle of 180° and wherein an initial twist angle is not a multiple of 90°, and a twist angle is in the range of 30-80°, with a retardation in the range of 0.33-0.44 &mgr;m.

Abstract: The invention relates to reflective mixed-mode twisted nematic liquid crystal displays. A direct-view display consists of a front substrate, a polarizer, liquid crystal and a rear substrate having a reflective coating. The twist angle, polarizer angle and retardation are optimized and fall within the following ranges: twist angle of between 67° and 83°; polarizer angle of between 5° and 21° or between 95° and 111°; and retardation of between 0.18 and 0.28. An alternative configuration for the display is a projection display having a front substrate, a rear substrate with a reflective coating, liquid crystal between the substrates, a polarizing beam splitter and a screen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a m-column/n-row/m×n-pixel inversion driving method for a liquid crystal display where m can be any integer from two to the number of scan lines and n can be any integer of two to the number of column lines. Such a driving method greatly reduces total fringe field effect on display to maintain contrast whilst minimizing perception of flickering. Moreover, the number of inversions can be adjusted to strike a balance between contrast and perceptibility of flickering. The n-row inversion method can be applied to passively and actively driven liquid crystal displays where n can be any integer from two to the number of scan lines. The m-column inversion driving method can be applied to an actively driven LCD where m can be any integer from two to the number of column lines while the n×m-pixel inversion method can be applied to an actively driven LCD where n can be any integer from two to the number of scan lines and m can be any integer from two to the number of column lines.