Abstract: At the start up of the forced-flow steam generator, water is supplied through a line into a radiation-heated superheater heating surface while the by-pass valve connected to the output line of the final superheater is closed. This produces a steam cushion or buffer which initially inhibits the formation of steam in the tube panel (evaporator). Subsequently, the by-pass valve is partly opened to produce a steam flow which cools the superheaters. When the pressure in the steam generator reaches the range of pressures corresponding to the starting pressure of the turbine, feeding of the steam generator with water is started. The heat consumed for starting is therefore reduced.

Abstract: A forced-flow boiler installation and method of operating the same comprising a series circuit of a feed pump, an economizer, an evaporator and a water separator as well as a recirculation line or system containing therein a circulating pump and leading from the water outlet of the separator to the evaporator inlet. Between the feed pump and a subsequently connected closure valve there branches-off a filling line or conduit having a valve and bypassing the economizer and leading to the evaporator inlet. The economizer, at the region of its maximum geodetic height, contains venting means.