Abstract: For adjustment to various formats in accordance with the products to be packaged and the packages used, structural parts, tools and devices of a packaging machine are equipped to be adjustable. In order to be able to effect adjustment as intended and quickly by means of displaceable parts equipped with set screws at the changeover locations, the packaging machine has a mobile drive unit, which can be coupled with the set screws of the various changeover locations. The drive unit is controlled by a control unit which is programmable in accordance with the format, and is used by the operator at a given changeover location as indicated by the control unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for opening folded boxes and delivering the opened boxes to a conveyor device of a cartoning machine including a supply magazine and a delivery device equipped with a suction gripper. In order that the flat-folded boxes will be reliably opened, the apparatus has a holding device with a suction gripper for exerting counter-action during the initial part of the opening operation. The flat-folded boxes are delivered to the holding device by means of a transfer device, suction grippers on the transfer device are moved back and forth on an arc-like path the end portions of which extend substantially perpendicular to the holding plane of the holding device and to the removal side of the magazine. In the initial portion of its return path, the suction gripper of the transfer device still holds the folding box firmly, so that the folding box already opens partially at that time.

Abstract: Method and an apparatus whereby electron beam deep welding can be performed at pressures of more than 10 millibars, especially under atmospheric conditions, without the need for complex apparatus. This is achieved by guide surfaces disposed between a seam and an electron beam source, so as to reflect the diverging electrons and at the same time reduce the free access of the ambient gas atmosphere. The electron reflection and the simultaneous blocking off of gases is achieved by guide surfaces substantially parallel and symmetrical with the beam axis which extend along the beam for at least ten millimeters. The distance between the guide surfaces through the center of the electron beam is greater than the diameter which the beam has upon entering into the higher pressure area.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for vacuum depositing thin films on substrates which are located above 500.degree. C. by electron beam heating during the deposition. The substrates are positioned above an evaporating crucible filled with a bath of the material being evaporated which is also heated by electron beams. The electron beams are deflected at an angle of less than 80.degree. onto approximately one-half of the bath surface situated between the axis of symmetry and the end of the evaporating crucible.

Abstract: Method and device for determining the radiation parameters of a focused beam of charged particles guided periodically over a target surface, especially in an electron beam melting and vaporizing system wherein the target is the surface of a melt. At least one probe is positioned in front of the target surface in the direction of radiation and within the beam trace, the probe being connected to an electrical display device. The output signal of the probe is displayed via a cathode ray tube and the reversal point of the charged-particle beam is determined on the basis of the time interval between the signal peaks in conjunction with the velocity of the beam movement.

Abstract: Method for vacuum depositing corrosion and oxidation resistant alloy coatings on turbine buckets having leading edges and trailing edges, with simultaneous rotation of the turbine buckets about their longitudinal axis in a vapor stream above a vapor source. The time of stay of each element of the surface above the vapor source is varied during a 360.degree. rotation such that it is shortest when the leading edges and the trailing edges are pointed towards the vapor source and longest when the concave and convex flanks are presented to it.

Abstract: Method for evaporating melts of alloys of metals of different vapor pressures from continuously fed, large-area evaporating crucibles by direct bombardment of the bath surface with focused electron beams which are periodically deflected according to a pattern. The alloy material is deposited on a plurality of substrates such as turbine blades which are positioned in a field above the evaporating crucible with local adaptation of the energy density to the thermal economy of the melt bath. At least one electron beam is deflected onto at least two substantially rectangular beam fields and is guided in each of these fields through a line raster at a frequency of at least 100 Hz while shifting periodically from one to the other field with a shift frequency of at most 5 Hz.

Abstract: Evaporating crucible having a crucible floor and a peripheral rim therearound. The floor has a plurality of floor apertures for feeding a plurality of rods of evaporating material and, surrounding the floor apertures, superelevations are provided whereby the distance from the crucible floor to the maximum fill level of the evaporating material is reduced by at least fifteen percent.

Abstract: A single folded carton or box is removed from a magazine and is held by suction cups or the like at one side while being moved into contact with a fixed member which exerts an opening force on the folded box. When thus erected, the box is placed onto a moving conveyor belt for further use. The removal, opening and placement on the conveyor are executed in a substantially single sweeping motion of a transport arm which is moved by a system of articulated levers. After placement of the box on the conveyor, the levers retract the arm and return it to its starting position.

Abstract: Apparatus for batch coating of substrates under vacuum including a vacuum chamber with a coating system and a plurality of lock chambers with substrate holders which can be introduced into the vacuum chamber. At least two lock chambers with substrate holders are positioned on a common axis on opposite sides of the vacuum chamber. Each lock chamber is provided on the side facing the vacuum chamber with a lock valve. The vacuum chamber is likewise provided with lock valves on the sides facing the lock chambers whereby the lock chambers can be coupled selectively with the vacuum chamber through the individual lock valves.

Abstract: A method for opening and erecting folded box blanks provides that one side of the blank is grasped and bent outwardly to acquire convex curvature, thereby causing opposite sides of the blank to move away from it, leaving a gap which initiates the opening process. An apparatus for practicing the method provides two suction cups to perform the bending and a stop to apply a force against a bent edge of the blank to cause the erection of the blank to assume its final form.