Abstract: The invention provides a laser system with one or several micro-mechnically produced, actively controlled laser mirrors which are provided with an actuation device, so that the rapid manipulation of small laser mirrors is assured. The mirrors are designed so that they permit an economical production in large numbers.

Abstract: Integrated microsystem comprising electrical and nonelectrical, particularly optical functions in a laser system, wherein a base comprising anisotropically etchable semiconducting material on which etching structures for receiving optical and/or electro-optical and electrical/electronic and/or fluidic and/or mechanical elements or their mountings are arranged in predetermined distances and/or levels, as well as integrated switching circuits, and that at least a part of the optical, electro-optical or mechanical elements or their mounting is controllable and movable electrically in such a way that its position relative to the base is actively changeable, and that at least one sensor is provided which determines the effect of the position change on the function of at least a part of a microsystem and supplies a signal for repeated readjustment (self-adjusting) of optical elements and their mounting.

Abstract: A micromechanical structure with cavities, containers, openings, canals, depressions, humps or the like for examinations of sample substances for possible changes of physical and/or chemical properties with targeted evaluation and documentation for the purposes of biotechnology, gene technology, cell and immune research and other medical, agricultural and environment research, where the structure consists of semiconducting material (of the group III to V of the elements of the periodic system) or contain the latter or glass or ceramic, diamond, or carbon and is made by a masking technique, especially by a chemical etching technique.

Abstract: An electric transducer for measuring mechanical quantities comprises a movable tongue which is acted upon by the mechanical quantity to be measured and the deflection of which is converted into an electrical signal. The tip of the tongue may be designed as the gate and an electric conduction channel disposed opposite the tip at a small distance therefrom may comprise the source-drain path of a field effect transistor, or vice versa.

Abstract: An image readout device is constructed to read out a partial image from a total image stored in photo detectors arranged in at least one row or two-dimensionally in rows and columns. The partial image may be of interest for a particular purpose, for example for the identification of a target, which does not require the processing of all the data representing the total image. The readout is accomplished by a series of switches arranged in a row and controlled by two shift registers in response to shift clock pulses. A logical "high (1)" state is loaded into a first shift register position (A) corresponding to the first detector position to be read out. All other shift register positions are loaded with the logical "low (0)" state. These logical states are then shifted in parallel into another second shift register which addresses the row of switches in a serial manner.

Abstract: The radiation emitted by a radiation source, such as a laser, is substantially prevented from exiting from the radiation source by a shutter in the radiation path. To make the shutter substantially fail-safe, two filter and/or diaphragm systems are switchable into the radiation path in series fashion in that one system is located behind the other system as viewed in the radiation direction. Sensors sense the effective or ineffective position of the respective system. Each system has an actuator for bringing the respective radiation stopping system into or out of the radiation stopping position in response to a control signal provided by the sensor of the respective other system.

Abstract: In the disclosed apparatus, a reference image sensor continuously scans a lmed atlas of images representing terrain being overflown while a second sensor simultaneously scans the terrain. A correlator compares the signal and the reference image sensor describes a course, corresponding to that of the flying body, over the film, in response to control signals based upon the correlation results. The reference image sensor reads only the area of the film around the course.

Abstract: Weapons system for both detection and affecting of stationary or moving objects. A laser beam is generated at a relatively low power level and caused to monitor, as by sweeping, a predetermined zone or space. Said laser beam or a portion thereof is reflected by and from an object appearing within said zone or space and is sensed by suitable detection means. The detection means provides the input to a computer which then locks the generator onto said object and simultaneously increases the power emitted therefrom to a predetermined higher, as destructive, value. Friendly objects operating within the same area can be caused to emanate a signal beam which is sensed simultaneously with the sensing of the reflected laser beam and prevents the actuation of the computer.