Abstract: A proposed geometrical distribution for a first non-impulsive source and a second non-impulsive source of a source array can be received. A near-field-to-notional computation can be performed for the proposed geometrical distribution to yield a respective computed notional output of the first and second non-impulsive sources. Whether the computed notional output of the first non-impulsive source has a first amount of residue greater than a threshold amount of residue can be determined. Whether the computed notional output of the second non-impulsive source has a second amount of residue greater than the threshold amount of residue can be determined. An indication whether either of the first or second amounts of residue is less than or equal to the threshold amount of residue can be provided.

Abstract: A proposed geometrical distribution for a first non-impulsive source and a second non-impulsive source of a source array can be received. A near-field-to-notional computation can be performed for the proposed geometrical distribution to yield a respective computed notional output of the first and second non-impulsive sources. Whether the computed notional output of the first non-impulsive source has a first amount of residue greater than a threshold amount of residue can be determined. Whether the computed notional output of the second non-impulsive source has a second amount of residue greater than the threshold amount of residue can be determined. An indication whether either of the first or second amounts of residue is less than or equal to the threshold amount of residue can be provided.

Abstract: Methods and Systems for extrapolating wavefields while avoiding disruptions due to spatial aliasing are disclosed. Pressure wavefields measured with pressure sensors and vertical and horizontal velocity wavefields measured with three-axial motions sensors may be spatially aliased in at least one horizontal direction. The pressure wavefield and/or the vertical velocity wavefield are decomposed into one of an up-going wavefield and a down-going wavefield. The up-going or down-going wavefield is extrapolated using an extrapolator that depends on components of a slowness vector. In order to avoid disruptions in the extrapolated wavefield due to spatial aliasing, the components of the slowness vector are calculated from the measured pressure wavefield and the two horizontal velocity wavefields.

Abstract: Systems and methods for imaging subterranean formations using primary and multiple reflections are described. An exploration-seismology vessel tows a seismic source, a receiver acquisition surface located beneath a free surface, and a source acquisition surface positioned at a depth below the source. The receiver acquisition surface is used to measure pressure and normal velocity wavefields and the source acquisition surface is used to measure direct, down-going, source pressure wavefields generated by the source. The down-going source pressure wavefields in combination with the down-going pressure wavefields and up-going pressure wavefields computed from the pressure and velocity wavefields are used to compute images of the subterranean formation associated with primary reflections and multiple reflections.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to determining or executing a survey pattern for a marine seismic survey vessel. The survey pattern may be determined based on a determined subsurface illumination area. The subsurface illumination area may be identifiable from primary reflections and higher-order reflections detected by sensors disposed in a sensor streamer configuration that may be towed behind the survey vessel. The sensor streamer configuration may include a plurality of streamers.

Abstract: Methods and Systems for extrapolating wavefields while avoiding disruptions due to spatial aliasing are disclosed. Pressure wavefields measured with pressure sensors and vertical and horizontal velocity wavefields measured with three-axial motions sensors may be spatially aliased in at least one horizontal direction. The pressure wavefield and/or the vertical velocity wavefield are decomposed into one of an up-going wavefield and a down-going wavefield. The up-going or down-going wavefield is extrapolated using an extrapolator that depends on components of a slowness vector. In order to avoid disruptions in the extrapolated wavefield due to spatial aliasing, the components of the slowness vector are calculated from the measured pressure wavefield and the two horizontal velocity wavefields.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to determining or executing a survey pattern for a marine seismic survey vessel. The survey pattern may be determined based on a determined subsurface illumination area. The subsurface illumination area may be identifiable from primary reflections and higher-order reflections detected by sensors disposed in a sensor streamer configuration that may be towed behind the survey vessel. The sensor streamer configuration may include a plurality of streamers.

Abstract: Systems and methods for imaging subterranean formations using primary and multiple reflections are described. An exploration-seismology vessel tows a seismic source, a receiver acquisition surface located beneath a free surface, and a source acquisition surface positioned at a depth below the source. The receiver acquisition surface is used to measure pressure and normal velocity wavefields and the source acquisition surface is used to measure direct, down-going, source pressure wavefields generated by the source. The down-going source pressure wavefields in combination with the down-going pressure wavefields and up-going pressure wavefields computed from the pressure and velocity wavefields are used to compute images of the subterranean formation associated with primary reflections and multiple reflections.

Abstract: A pressure wavefield and a normal velocity wavefield measured on a smoothly shaped acquisition surface by towed dual-sensor marine seismic streamers are decomposed into up-going and down-going pressure and particle velocity components on an observation level between the acquisition surface and a sea surface of undetermined shape. The up-going and down-going pressure and particle velocity components are extrapolated iteratively in steps from the observation level toward the sea surface. An image point and a reflection coefficient of the sea surface at the image point are determined from the iteratively extrapolated up-going and down-going pressure and particle velocity components.

Abstract: Particle motion sensor signals and the pressure sensor signals data from a towed marine seismic streamer are combined to generate an up-going pressure wavefield component and a down-going particle motion wavefield component. The down-going particle motion wavefield component is extrapolated from the receiver position depth level to the source position depth level. The up-going pressure wavefield component is multiplied by the extrapolated down-going particle motion wavefield component, generating a first product. Then, nth order surface related multiples in the pressure wavefield are iteratively calculated utilizing a product of (n?1)th surface related multiple free data and the extrapolated down-going particle motion wavefield component. The calculated nth order surface related multiples are iteratively subtracted from the recorded pressure wavefield, generating the nth order surface related multiple free data.

Abstract: Particle motion sensor signals and the pressure sensor signals data from a towed marine seismic streamer are combined to generate an up-going pressure wavefield component and a down-going particle motion wavefield component. The down-going particle motion wavefield component is extrapolated from the receiver position depth level to the source position depth level. The up-going pressure wavefield component is multiplied by the extrapolated down-going particle motion wavefield component, generating a first product. Then, nth order surface related multiples in the pressure wavefield are iteratively calculated utilizing a product of (n?1)th surface related multiple free data and the extrapolated down-going particle motion wavefield component. The calculated nth order surface related multiples are iteratively subtracted from the recorded pressure wavefield, generating the nth order surface related multiple free data.

Abstract: Three data subsets are obtained in three selected azimuthal directions from seismic data in heterogeneous, anisotropic media. Azimuthal velocities are determined for each of the data subsets. A linear system of equations in the three selected azimuthal directions and the three determined azimuthal velocities is solved for three independent parameters. An azimuthal time migration velocity function is constructed from the three solved independent parameters. A time migration traveltime function is constructed from the constructed azimuthal time migration velocity function.

Abstract: Signals detected by particle motion sensors in a towed dual sensor marine seismic streamer are scaled to match signals detected by pressure sensors in the streamer. The pressure sensor signals and the scaled particle motion sensor signals are combined to generate up-going and down-going pressure wavefield components. The up-going and down-going pressure wavefield components are extrapolated to a position just below a water surface. A first matching filter is applied to the extrapolated down-going pressure wavefield component. The filtered down-going pressure wavefield component is subtracted from the extrapolated up-going pressure wavefield component, generating an up-going pressure wavefield component with attenuated particle motion sensor noise. A second matching filter is applied to the extrapolated up-going pressure wavefield component.