Abstract: A novel heat pipe and a cooling system that employs the heat pipe are disclosed. The heat pipe has a configuration in the form of a nail that includes a flattened upper section and an elongated lower, section. The heat pipe may be in the form of nail shape or a continuous bar that includes a flattened upper section and an elongated section. The heat pipe may be employed together with a thermoelectric cooling module and a heat sink to provide a cooling device. The cooling device may be employed with a container to provide a cooling system.

Abstract: A heat transfer apparatus for use in measuring a rheological property of a test sample includes a receptacle for receiving the test sample and a heat conveying member in heat transfer relation to the receptacle. The heat conveying member has internal passages extending substantially equidistantly from one another through at least a portion of the heat conveying member to provide for counter-flow circulation of a fluid. The heat transfer apparatus may include heat exchanging elements in heat transfer relation to the receptacle responsive to electric current to transfer heat to or from the receptacle.

Abstract: A heat transfer apparatus for use in measuring a rheological property of a test sample includes a receptacle for receiving the test sample and a heat conveying member in heat transfer relation to receptacle. The heat conveying member has internal passages extending substantially equidistantly from one another through at least a portion of the heat conveying member to provide for counter-flowing circulation of a fluid. A cold cranking simulator includes a hybrid heat transfer system having heat exchanging elements in heat transfer relation to the receptacle responsive to electric current to transfer heat to or from the receptacle. The cold cranking simulator further includes a heat conveying member having internal passages providing for counter-flowing circulation of a fluid.