Abstract: A filter device, in particular for an exhaust-gas system of an internal combustion engine, includes a filter structure having at least one filter wall. Filtered-out particles are deposited on its upstream surface. It is provided that the upstream-lying surface of the filter wall is at least regionally uneven.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing multilayer actuators is described, in which films (1), known as green films, having regions applied thereon made of metal plating to implement electrodes, are processed into compressed multilayer composite elements before a sintering step. Film elements (4), whose area defines the cross-sectional area of a finished actuator, are individually separated from the green film (1) having metal plating and stacked into a film stack to prepare for the manufacture of a multilayer composite element. Furthermore, a device having separating means (31, 32, 33, 35) for performing the method is described, in which the separating means is designed for the purpose of individually separating film elements (4), whose area defines the cross-sectional area of a finished actuator, from the green film (1) and stacking the separated film elements (4) directly afterward.