Abstract: A method for actively controlling an output voltage of a first energy storage system connected to a second energy storage system The method can comprise providing at least one power flow demand value of at least one phase load and/or a phase grid; providing an output voltage measurement value and a current measurement value of the second energy storage system; calculating a power-flow-demand current value of the second energy storage system based on the at least one power flow demand value and the output voltage measurement value; calculating a control output voltage value of the first energy storage system based on the power-flow-demand current value and the current measurement value of the second energy storage system; modulating the control output voltage value into at least one control signal; and controlling the output voltage of the first energy storage system based on the at least one control signal.

Abstract: A method for controlling a multilevel converter is provided. The method can comprise providing a carrier signal for each of a plurality of power converter modules; assigning a first number N of the plurality of power converter modules to a first group of power converter modules; assigning at least one second number M of the plurality of power converter modules to at least one second group of power converter modules; controlling the switching state of each of the first number N of the plurality of power converter modules based on the carrier signal provided for each of the first number N of the plurality of power converter modules for generating a first output signal; and controlling the switching state of each of the at least one second number M of the plurality of power converter modules for generating a second output signal.

Abstract: A method for controlling a multilevel converter can include: associating a value of a first parameter, determining, for the end point of a first control period, a characteristic of the conduction state of each one of a plurality of power converter modules; and obtaining a required output signal of the plurality of power converter modules for a second control period from a plurality of consecutive control periods.

Abstract: A method for controlling a multilevel converter is disclosed. The method can include assigning, based on at least one variable parameter, a first number N of power converter modules to a first group; assigning, based on the at least one variable parameter, a second number M of the power converter modules to a second group; controlling a switching state of each of the first number N of the power converter modules assigned to the first group by applying a first switching pattern to the first number N of the power converter modules for generating a first output signal; and controlling a switching state of each of the second number M of the power converter modules assigned to the second group by applying a second switching pattern to the second number M of the power converter modules for generating a second output signal.

Abstract: A method of charging a battery comprising one or more rechargeable battery cells, the method comprising the steps of obtaining information on a cell series type of the rechargeable battery cell; obtaining a setpoint input on volume-average setpoints (SPavgT, SPavgD) and gradient setpoints (SPgradT, SPgradD) for both a temperature and a degradation; obtaining a model current-versus-time profile for the specific cell series type, the model being optimized for any one of a charging time, an internal temperature, a degradation accumulation, an internal degradation gradient, and an internal temperature of a battery cell of the cell type, and the model current-versus-time profile having at least one of the setpoints as a parameter; applying a charging current to the rechargeable battery cell according to a current-versus-time profile based on the obtained model current-versus-time profile and the obtained setpoint input.