Abstract: The electrophotographic member includes: an electroconductive substrate; and a surface layer having a mono-layer structure, wherein the surface layer has a matrix containing a cross-linked urethane resin as a binder, and when an elastic modulus of the matrix in a first region in a thickness direction from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 ?m from the outer surface of the surface layer is defined as E1, and an elastic modulus of the matrix in a second region in a thickness direction from a depth of 1.0 ?m from the outer surface of the surface layer to 1.1 ?m from the outer surface of the surface layer is defined as E2, E1 and E2 satisfy the following Expressions (1) and (2), respectively: E1?200 MPa??(1); and 10 MPa?E2?100 MPa??(2).

Abstract: A developing roller that suppresses contamination of the surface of a photosensitive member and also obtains a high-quality image. The developing roller includes an electro-conductive substrate, an electro-conductive elastic layer and a surface layer which are stacked in this order, wherein the surface layer has resin particles that are dispersed in a polyurethane matrix, an outer surface of the surface layer has a first protrusion originating in first resin particle and a second protrusion originating in second resin particle, wherein the first resin particle contains polyurethane, an elastic modulus E1 of the first resin particle is 100 to 2000 MPa, an elastic modulus E2 of the second resin particle is 2 to 50 MPa, a maximum height roughness Rz of the outer surface is 6 to 18 ?m, and a peak vertex density Spd is 5.0×103 to 5.0×104(1/mm2).

Abstract: A developing roller that suppresses contamination of the surface of a photosensitive member and also obtains a high-quality image. The developing roller includes an electro-conductive substrate, an electro-conductive elastic layer and a surface layer which are stacked in this order, wherein the surface layer has resin particles that are dispersed in a polyurethane matrix, an outer surface of the surface layer has a first protrusion originating in first resin particle and a second protrusion originating in second resin particle, wherein the first resin particle contains polyurethane, an elastic modulus Ei of the first resin particle is 100 to 2000 MPa, an elastic modulus E2 of the second resin particle is 2 to 50 MPa, a maximum height roughness Rz of the outer surface is 6 to 18 ?m, and a peak vertex density Spd is 5.0×103 to 5.0×104(1/mm2).

Abstract: The electrophotographic member includes: an electroconductive substrate; and a surface layer having a mono-layer structure, wherein the surface layer has a matrix containing a cross-linked urethane resin as a binder, and when an elastic modulus of the matrix in a first region in a thickness direction from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 ?m from the outer surface of the surface layer is defined as E1, and an elastic modulus of the matrix in a second region in a thickness direction from a depth of 1.0 ?m from the outer surface of the surface layer to 1.1 ?m from the outer surface of the surface layer is defined as E2, E1 and E2 satisfy the following Expressions (1) and (2), respectively: E1?200 MPa??(1); and 10 MPa?E2?100 MPa??(2).

Abstract: The developing member has an electroconductive substrate, and an elastic layer having a mono-layer structure on the substrate as a surface layer, wherein the elastic layer has a thickness of T ?m and a volume resistivity of 1.0×105 ?·cm to 1.

Abstract: The developing member has an electroconductive substrate, and an elastic layer having a mono-layer structure on the substrate as a surface layer, wherein the elastic layer has a thickness of T ?m and a volume resistivity of 1.0×105 ?·cm to 1.

Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic member which suppresses scraping and contamination of a surface even in the durable use of multiple sheet printing under a high temperature environment. The electrophotographic member has an electroconductive substrate and a single elastic layer as a surface layer, the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin, the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more, the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 ?m in the surface layer.

Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic member which suppresses scraping and contamination of a surface even in the durable use of multiple sheet printing under a high temperature environment. The electrophotographic member has an electroconductive substrate and a single elastic layer as a surface layer, the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin, the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more, the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 ?m in the surface layer.

Abstract: A developing member includes a substrate, an elastic layer, and a surface layer in that order. The surface layer contains a urethane resin and a filler. The urethane resin has: the structure represented by structural formula (1) and at least one of the structures represented by structural formula (2) and structural formula (3), between two adjacent urethane linkages; and the structure represented by structural formula (4) and the structure represented by structural formula (5), between two adjacent urethane linkages.

Abstract: A developing member includes a substrate, an elastic layer, and a surface layer in that order. The surface layer contains a urethane resin and a filler. The urethane resin has: the structure represented by structural formula (1) and at least one of the structures represented by structural formula (2) and structural formula (3), between two adjacent urethane linkages; and the structure represented by structural formula (4) and the structure represented by structural formula (5), between two adjacent urethane linkages.