Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image carrier, a charging unit, an exposure unit, a developing unit, and a transfer unit. The transfer unit includes a transfer bias power supply and transfers a developed image onto a transfer body. The transfer bias power supply includes a first power supply unit that generates a non-transfer electric field, a second power supply unit that generates a transfer electric field, a first switching controller, and a second switching controller. The first switching controller controls start of supply of the transfer electric field in accordance with a first time constant when switching from the non-transfer electric field to the transfer electric field is performed. The second switching controller controls stop of supply of the transfer electric field in accordance with a second time constant when switching from the transfer electric field to the non-transfer electric field is performed.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image carrier, a charging unit, an exposure unit, a developing unit, and a transfer unit. The transfer unit includes a transfer bias power supply and transfers a developed image onto a transfer body. The transfer bias power supply includes a first power supply unit that generates a non-transfer electric field, a second power supply unit that generates a transfer electric field, a first switching controller, and a second switching controller. The first switching controller controls start of supply of the transfer electric field in accordance with a first time constant when switching from the non-transfer electric field to the transfer electric field is performed. The second switching controller controls stop of supply of the transfer electric field in accordance with a second time constant when switching from the transfer electric field to the non-transfer electric field is performed.

Abstract: In a receiver for satellite broadcasting service, a selected audio subcarrier is converted into an IF signal demodulated into a demodulated signal which is applied to a feedback voltage generating means which converts the applied signal into a feedback voltage at a voltage ratio corresponding to the maximum frequency deviation of the selected audio subcarrier. The feedback voltage is applied by an operational amplifier to a varactor diode in a voltage-controlled oscillator. The oscillation frequency of the voltage-controlled oscillator is therefore varied dependent on the frequency deviation of the selected audio subcarrier to cause the maximum frequency deviation of the IF signal from a frequency mixer to match the bandwidth of a bandpass filter.