Abstract: Disclosed are an orbital smoothing device for smoothing a surface of a substrate and a method of smoothing a surface of a substrate using the orbital smoothing device. The orbital smoothing device includes a rotatable plate that is driveable by a motor in at least one of a clockwise or a counterclockwise direction and a plurality of smoothing pad assemblies coupled to said plate. Each of the plurality of smoothing pad assemblies is capable of independent rotation in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions and includes a shaft for coupling each of said smoothing pad assemblies to the rotatable plate, means for providing independent rotation in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions mounted on the shaft and securable in a pad holder and a pad holder for receiving and securing the means for independent rotation. The pad holder has removably mounted thereon a smoothing pad capable of smoothing the surface of the substrate when the rotatable plate is driven by the motor.

Abstract: Disclosed are an orbital smoothing device for smoothing a surface of a substrate and a method of smoothing a surface of a substrate using the orbital smoothing device. The orbital smoothing device includes a rotatable plate that is driveable by a motor in at least one of a clockwise or a counterclockwise direction and a plurality of smoothing pad assemblies coupled to said plate. Each of the plurality of smoothing pad assemblies is capable of independent rotation in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions and includes a shaft for coupling each of said smoothing pad assemblies to the rotatable plate, means for providing independent rotation in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions mounted on the shaft and securable in a pad holder and a pad holder for receiving and securing the means for independent rotation. The pad holder has removably mounted thereon a smoothing pad capable of smoothing the surface of the substrate when the rotatable plate is driven by the motor.

Abstract: Disclosed are an orbital smoothing device for smoothing a surface of a substrate and a method of smoothing a surface of a substrate using the orbital smoothing device. The orbital smoothing device includes a rotatable plate that is drivable by a motor in at least one of a clockwise or a counterclockwise direction and a plurality of smoothing pad assemblies coupled to said plate. Each of the plurality of smoothing pad assemblies is capable of independent rotation in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions and includes a shaft for coupling each of said smoothing pad assemblies to the rotatable plate, means for providing independent rotation in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions mounted on the shaft and securable in a pad holder and a pad holder for receiving and securing the means for independent rotation. The pad holder has removably mounted thereon a smoothing pad capable of smoothing the surface of the substrate when the rotatable plate is driven by the motor.

Abstract: Disclosed are an orbital smoothing device for smoothing a surface of a substrate and a method of smoothing a surface of a substrate using the orbital smoothing device. The orbital smoothing device includes a rotatable plate that is driveable by a motor in at least one of a clockwise or a counterclockwise direction and a plurality of smoothing pad assemblies coupled to said plate. Each of the plurality of smoothing pad assemblies is capable of independent rotation in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions and includes a shaft for coupling each of said smoothing pad assemblies to the rotatable plate, means for providing independent rotation in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions mounted on the shaft and securable in a pad holder and a pad holder for receiving and securing the means for independent rotation. The pad holder has removably mounted thereon a smoothing pad capable of smoothing the surface of the substrate when the rotatable plate is driven by the motor.

Abstract: Improved apparatus and method for mixing and introducing gas into a large body of liquid. The apparatus supports and rotates a plurality of spoke-like discharge members below the surface of the liquid. The members have upwardly facing perforated discharge surfaces through which compressed gas is released up into the liquid. Preferably the members have non-porous lower portions. To counter upward "lift pump" effect forces created by the rotating members, the members are tilted with their leading edges lower than their trailing edges. The tilt of the members and the speed of rotation are balanced so that the resultant angle of attack of the liquid relative to the discharge surfaces is zero or slightly greater, for efficiently and effectively shearing the emerging gas into relatively small size bubbles.