Abstract: A solvent comprised of (1) a caustic and an alcohol, (2) a caustic and a quaternary ammonium hydroxide, or (3) a caustic, an alcohol, and a quaternary ammonium hydroxide may contact an adsorbent bed that has been used to remove sulfur compounds from a hydrocarbon stream to extract adsorbed sulfur compounds from the adsorbent material in the bed to regenerate it. The regenerated adsorbent bed may be reused, either alone or in combination with a liquid-liquid extraction column, to remove sulfur compounds from a hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: A solvent comprised of (1) a caustic and an alcohol, (2) a caustic and a quaternary ammonium hydroxide, or (3) a caustic, an alcohol, and a quaternary ammonium hydroxide may contact an adsorbent bed that has been used to remove sulfur compounds from a hydrocarbon stream to extract adsorbed sulfur compounds from the adsorbent material in the bed to regenerate it. The regenerated adsorbent bed may be reused, either alone or in combination with a liquid-liquid extraction column, to remove sulfur compounds from a hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Treatment of hydrocarbon streams, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with reducing agents, such as borohydride and salts thereof, alone or together with at least one co-solvent results in reduction of the sulfur compounds such as disulfides, mercaptans, thiophenes, and thioethers that are present to give easily removed sulfides. In one non-limiting embodiment, the treatment converts the original sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide or low molecular weight mercaptans that can be extracted from the distillate with caustic solutions, hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.

Abstract: Treatment of hydrocarbon streams, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with reducing agents, such as borohydride and salts thereof, alone or together with at least one co-solvent results in reduction of the sulfur compounds such as disulfides, mercaptans, thiophenes, and thioethers that are present to give easily removed sulfides. In one non-limiting embodiment, the treatment converts the original sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide or low molecular weight mercaptans that can be extracted from the distillate with caustic solutions, hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.

Abstract: Treatment of hydrocarbon streams, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with reducing agents, such as borohydride and salts thereof, alone or together with at least one co-solvent results in reduction of the sulfur compounds such as disulfides, mercaptans, thiophenes, and thioethers that are present to give easily removed sulfides. In one non-limiting embodiment, the treatment converts the original sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide or low molecular weight mercaptans that can be extracted from the distillate with caustic solutions, hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.

Abstract: Treatment of hydrocarbon streams, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with high pH aqueous reducing agents, such as borohydride, results in reduction of the sulfur compounds such as disulfides, mercaptans and thioethers that are present to give easily removed sulfides. The treatment converts the original sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide or low molecular weight mercaptans that can be extracted from the distillate with caustic solutions, hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.

Abstract: Contaminants, such as volatile organic compounds and hydrogen sulfide, may be removed from a gaseous feedstream by introducing the gaseous feedstream into a treatment chamber containing a liquid medium comprising a hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavenger or a blend comprising (i) an absorbent and (ii) a glycol ether and/or C6-C18 alcohol, wherein the glycol ether and/or alcohol enhances the solubility of the contaminant in the absorbent.

Abstract: Treatment of hydrocarbon streams, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with reducing agents, such as borohydride and salts thereof, alone or together with at least one co-solvent results in reduction of the sulfur compounds such as disulfides, mercaptans, thiophenes, and thioethers that are present to give easily removed sulfides. In one non-limiting embodiment, the treatment converts the original sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide or low molecular weight mercaptans that can be extracted from the distillate with caustic solutions, hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.

Abstract: Treatment of hydrocarbon streams, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with high pH aqueous reducing agents, such as borohydride, results in reduction of the sulfur compounds such as disulfides, mercaptans and thioethers that are present to give easily removed sulfides. The treatment converts the original sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide or low molecular weight mercaptans that can be extracted from the distillate with caustic solutions, hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.

Abstract: Haze may be removed from a biofuel or biofuel intermediate by using a clarifier. The clarifier includes copolymer prepared using a formulation comprising an alpha olefin and maleic anhydride. The clarifier may also be used with admixtures of biofuels, biofuel intermediates, or biofuel feedstocks with conventional hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Multi-valent metals, such as mercury, may be removed from a liquid hydrocarbon stream, such as crude oil, by optionally blending the liquid hydrocarbon stream with water or alternatively utilizing the water existing in the hydrocarbon as received, to give a homogeneous blend, and adding at least one demulsifier to the liquid hydrocarbon, water and/or homogeneous blend. Water is then extracted leaving a treated liquid hydrocarbon, and the treated liquid hydrocarbon is passed through at least one particle filter and optionally a series of filters of sequentially decreasing pore size. The resulting at least partially demetallized liquid hydrocarbon (e.g. crude oil) having reduced metal content will cause fewer problems for production, transportation, downstream refinery operations, and the environment.

Abstract: Contaminants, such as volatile organic compounds and hydrogen sulfide, may be removed from a gaseous feedstream by introducing the gaseous feedstream into a treatment chamber containing a liquid medium comprising a hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan scavenger or a blend comprising (i) an absorbent and (ii) a glycol ether and/or C6-C18 alcohol, wherein the glycol ether and/or alcohol enhances the solubility of the contaminant in the absorbent.

Abstract: A temporary hood for capturing vapors exiting from a material storage compartment of a vessel when the compartment is opened includes a base frame that extends around an opening to the compartment and is releasably secured to the vessel. An upper framework is releasably coupled to the base frame and extends upwardly from the vessel around the opening. A plurality of panels is releasably engageable with the upper framework and form an enclosure around the opening. At least one vapor discharge outlet fluidly communicates with the material storage compartment and a vacuum pump to allow the capture of vapors exiting from the opening when the cover is opened and the temporary hood is engaged with the vessel.

Abstract: Multi-valent metals, such as mercury, may be removed from a liquid hydrocarbon stream, such as crude oil, by optionally blending the liquid hydrocarbon stream with water or alternatively utilizing the water existing in the hydrocarbon as received, to give a homogeneous blend, and adding at least one demulsifier to the liquid hydrocarbon, water and/or homogeneous blend. Water is then extracted leaving a treated liquid hydrocarbon, and the treated liquid hydrocarbon is passed through at least one particle filter and optionally a series of filters of sequentially decreasing pore size. The resulting at least partially demetallized liquid hydrocarbon (e.g. crude oil) having reduced metal content will cause fewer problems for production, transportation, downstream refinery operations, and the environment.

Abstract: A temporary hood for capturing vapors exiting from a material storage compartment of a vessel when the compartment is opened includes a base frame that extends around an opening to the compartment and is releasably secured to the vessel. An upper framework is releasably coupled to the base frame and extends upwardly from the vessel around the opening. A plurality of panels are releasably engageable with the upper framework and form an enclosure around the opening. At least one vapor discharge outlet fluidly communicates with the material storage compartment and a vacuum pump to allow the capture of vapors exiting from the opening when the cover is opened and the temporary hood is engaged with the vessel.

Abstract: Haze may be removed from a biofuel or biofuel intermediate by using a clarifier. The clarifier includes copolymer prepared using a formulation comprising an alpha olefin and maleic anhydride. The clarifier may also be used with admixtures of biofuels, biofuel intermediates, or biofuel feedstocks with conventional hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Haze may be removed from a biofuel or biofuel intermediate by using a clarifier. The clarifier includes copolymer prepared using a formulation comprising an alpha olefin and maleic anhydride. The clarifier may also be used with admixtures of biofuels, biofuel intermediates, or biofuel feedstocks with conventional hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Water may be removed from a biofuel or biofuel intermediate by using a demulsifier. The demulsifier includes the product of oxyalkylating a resin prepared from a formulation including a phenol and a compound selected from the group consisting of an aldehyde, a diamine a polyamine and mixtures thereof. The demulsifier may also be used with admixtures of biofuels, biofuel intermediates, or biofuel feedstocks with conventional hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Haze may be removed from a biofuel or biofuel intermediate by using a clarifier. The clarifier includes copolymer prepared using a formulation comprising an alpha olefin and maleic anhydride. The clarifier may also be used with admixtures of biofuels, biofuel intermediates, or biofuel feedstocks with conventional hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Water may be removed from a biofuel or biofuel intermediate by using a demulsifier. The demulsifier includes the product of oxyalkylating a resin prepared from a formulation including a phenol and a compound selected from the group consisting of an aldehyde, a diamine a polyamine and mixtures thereof. The demulsifier may also be used with admixtures of biofuels, biofuel intermediates, or biofuel feedstocks with conventional hydrocarbons.