Abstract: A method includes providing a substrate having a surface such that a first hard mask layer is formed over the surface and a second hard mask layer is formed over the first hard mask layer, forming a first pattern in the second hard mask layer, where the first pattern includes a first mandrel oriented lengthwise in a first direction and a second mandrel oriented lengthwise in a second direction different from the first direction, and where the first mandrel has a top surface, a first sidewall, and a second sidewall opposite to the first sidewall, and depositing a material towards the first mandrel and the second mandrel such that a layer of the material is formed on the top surface and the first sidewall but not the second sidewall of the first mandrel.

Abstract: An LED lamp includes a heat sink. The heat sink includes a base, a number of fins and two fixing elements for fixing the heat sink. The base includes a first face and a second face opposite to the first face. The fins extend from the first face of the base. The two fixing elements are detachably fixed on two ends of the base, respectively. Each fixing element includes a mounting plate, a fixing plate fixed on the first face of the base, and a connecting member connecting the fixing plate with the mounting plate.

Abstract: An exemplary lamp cover for covering a light source includes a connecting member, mounting members, first covering members, and a second covering member. The mounting members are integrally formed with the connecting member as a single piece. The first covering members are detachably mounted on the connecting member and alternated with the mounting members. The second covering member is capable of being mounted on the connecting member to replace one of the first covering members to change a shape of a light field of light emitted from the light source and through the lamp cover.

Abstract: An exemplary lamp seat assembly includes a supporting member and a chassis. The supporting member includes receiving portion for receiving a light source therein and a plurality of clips. The chassis includes a holder for electrically connecting the light source and a power source and a main body mounted on the holder. The holder is a screw type bulb base. The main body includes a hollow cover, a plurality of baffling portions and a plurality of supporting portions formed on an inner surface of the cover. The supporting member abuts against the supporting portions and the clips clasp the baffling portions.

Abstract: An exemplary lamp cover for covering a light source includes a connecting member, mounting members, first covering members, and a second covering member. The mounting members are integrally formed with the connecting member as a single piece. The first covering members are detachably mounted on the connecting member and alternated with the mounting members. The second covering member is capable of being mounted on the connecting member to replace one of the first covering members to change a shape of a light field of light emitted from the light source and through the lamp cover.

Abstract: An LED (light emitting diode) includes a base, two spaced electrodes and a thermal conductivity layer. The base has a top surface. The two electrodes and the thermal conductivity layer are located on the top surface of the base. The thermal conductivity layer is attached to the top surface and located beside and between the electrodes. The two electrodes are electrically insulated from each other, and electrically insulated from the thermal conductivity layer. A light emitting chip is electrically connected to the two electrodes. The electrodes and the thermal conductivity layer are on different levels.

Abstract: A lamp assembly comprises a lamp body, a bracket, and a securing member. The lamp body comprises a leg. The lamp body is arranged on the bracket. The securing member is mounted on the bracket and capable of moving relative to the bracket to press or away from the leg of the lamp body to achieve an assembly of the lamp body to the bracket or a disassembly of the lamp body from the bracket. The lamp body includes a plurality of light emitting diodes as a light source.

Abstract: An exemplary method for manufacturing a circuit board includes, firstly, providing a substrate made of heat conductive, electrically insulative material. Then a copper layer is formed on the substrate. After that, nickel is plated on the copper layer to form a nickel layer. Finally, gold is and plated on the nickel layer to form a gold layer.

Abstract: An LED displaying device includes a first transparent substrate, LEDs and a second transparent substrate. The first transparent substrate includes a circuit structure formed thereon. The LEDs are mounted on the first transparent substrate and electrically connected to the circuit structure. The second transparent substrate is covered on the LEDs.

Abstract: An illumination apparatus comprises at least two illumination apparatus modules arranged abreast and a connecting element. Each illumination apparatus module includes a cover, a case, and an elastic fastener. A supporting portion is mounted on the case supporting the cover. The sidewall of the case has a first hole, and the supporting portion has a second hole. The elastic fastener is mounted on the second hole. The supporting portion supports the cover and fixes the cover on the case. The connecting element passing through the first holes of the two adjacent sidewalls of two illumination apparatus modules fixes and connects the two illumination apparatus modules together. By the first holes and the connecting element corresponding to the first holes, each illumination apparatus module combines mutually. The elastic fastener fixes the cover and the case together.

Abstract: A lamp driving device with an open voltage control comprises a DC power source, a square wave switch, a square wave controller, an LC resonant circuit, a driver transformer and a current detector; wherein the square wave switch outputs a square wave signal to the LC resonant circuit, the LC resonant circuit converts the square wave signal into a sinusoidal wave signal and outputs the sinusoidal wave signal to the driver transformer, and finally the driver transformer drives the lamp and the current detector is used to detect the operation of the lamp, and, if the lamp is found open-circuit, a PWM control pin will control the square wave controller to stop the operation of the lamp driving device, thereby enhancing safety in using the lamp.

Abstract: An illumination apparatus comprises at least two illumination apparatus modules arranged abreast and a connecting element. Each illumination apparatus module includes a cover, a case, and an elastic fastener. A supporting portion is mounted on the case supporting the cover. The sidewall of the case has a first hole, and the supporting portion has a second hole. The elastic fastener is mounted on the second hole. The supporting portion supports the cover and fixes the cover on the case. The connecting element passing through the first holes of the two adjacent sidewalls of two illumination apparatus modules fixes and connects the two illumination apparatus modules together. By the first holes and the connecting element corresponding to the first holes, each illumination apparatus module combines mutually. The elastic fastener fixes the cover and the case together.

Abstract: A lamp driving device with an open voltage control comprises a DC power source, a square wave switch, a square wave controller, an LC resonant circuit, a driver transformer and a current detector; wherein the square wave switch outputs a square wave signal to the LC resonant circuit, the LC resonant circuit converts the square wave signal into a sinusoidal wave signal and outputs the sinusoidal wave signal to the driver transformer, and finally the driver transformer drives the lamp and the current detector is used to detect the operation of the lamp, and, if the lamp is found open-circuit, a PWM control pin will control the square wave controller to stop the operation of the lamp driving device, thereby enhancing safety in using the lamp.