Abstract: Disclosed is a cleaning robot. The cleaning robot includes a body, a traveling assembly, a rolling brush assembly, a dust suction assembly, a mopping assembly, and a universal wheel. The traveling assembly, the rolling brush assembly, the dust suction assembly, the mopping assembly, and the universal wheel are all arranged on the body. The dust suction assembly includes a dust box. The rolling brush assembly is configured for sweeping garbage on a ground. The dust box is configured for receiving garbage swept by the rolling brush assembly. In an advancing direction of the cleaning robot, the dust box is arranged in front of the rolling brush assembly, and the mopping assembly and/or the universal wheel is arranged behind the rolling brush assembly.

Abstract: An apparatus receives an upper layer packet that includes data from a source device, a virtual private network (VPN) identification, a destination address, and a destination option type. The apparatus authenticates the upper layer packet by comparing the VPN identification of the received upper layer packet to a customer VPN identification. The apparatus determines whether the apparatus recognizes the destination option type of the upper layer packet. The apparatus discards the upper layer packet on a condition that the apparatus does not recognize the destination option type. The apparatus decapsulates the upper layer packet into a lower layer packet and transmits the decapsulated packet to a destination on a condition that the apparatus recognizes the destination option type.

Abstract: An apparatus receives an upper layer packet that includes data from a source device, a virtual private network (VPN) identification, a destination address, and a destination option type. The apparatus authenticates the upper layer packet by comparing the VPN identification of the received upper layer packet to a customer VPN identification. The apparatus determines whether the apparatus recognizes the destination option type of the upper layer packet. The apparatus discards the upper layer packet on a condition that the apparatus does not recognize the destination option type. The apparatus decapsulates the upper layer packet into a lower layer packet and transmits the decapsulated packet to a destination on a condition that the apparatus recognizes the destination option type.

Abstract: An apparatus receives an upper layer packet that includes data from a source device, a virtual private network (VPN) identification, a destination address, and a destination option type. The apparatus authenticates the upper layer packet by comparing the VPN identification of the received upper layer packet to a customer VPN identification. The apparatus determines whether the apparatus recognizes the destination option type of the upper layer packet. The apparatus discards the upper layer packet on a condition that the apparatus does not recognize the destination option type. The apparatus decapsulates the upper layer packet into a lower layer packet and transmits the decapsulated packet to a destination on a condition that the apparatus recognizes the destination option type.

Abstract: An apparatus receives an upper layer packet that includes data from a source device, a virtual private network (VPN) identification, a destination address, and a destination option type. The apparatus authenticates the upper layer packet by comparing the VPN identification of the received upper layer packet to a customer VPN identification. The apparatus determines whether the apparatus recognizes the destination option type of the upper layer packet. The apparatus discards the upper layer packet on a condition that the apparatus does not recognize the destination option type. The apparatus decapsulates the upper layer packet into a lower layer packet and transmits the decapsulated packet to a destination on a condition that the apparatus recognizes the destination option type.

Abstract: An Ethernet switch can receive an internet protocol query packet generated by a receiver for collecting telemetry data between a source and the receiver in a multicast network, translate the internet protocol query packet to an Ethernet query packet, collect in the Ethernet query packet telemetry data from the Ethernet switch where at least one telemetry field of the Ethernet Switch includes an arrival time of the Ethernet query packet at the Ethernet switch, and submit the Ethernet query packet to the next network element of the multicast network. An internet protocol router can receive an Ethernet query packet generated by an Ethernet switch having at least one field for telemetry for collecting telemetry data between a source and a receiver, translate the Ethernet query packet to an internet protocol query packet, and submit the internet protocol query packet to the next network element. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: An Ethernet switch can receive an internet protocol query packet generated by a receiver for collecting telemetry data between a source and the receiver in a multicast network, translate the internet protocol query packet to an Ethernet query packet, collect in the Ethernet query packet telemetry data from the Ethernet switch where at least one telemetry field of the Ethernet Switch includes an arrival time of the Ethernet query packet at the Ethernet switch, and submit the Ethernet query packet to the next network element of the multicast network. An internet protocol router can receive an Ethernet query packet generated by an Ethernet switch having at least one field for telemetry for collecting telemetry data between a source and a receiver, translate the Ethernet query packet to an internet protocol query packet, and submit the internet protocol query packet to the next network element. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus receives an upper layer packet that includes data from a source device, a virtual private network (VPN) identification, a destination address, and a destination option type. The apparatus authenticates the upper layer packet by comparing the VPN identification of the received upper layer packet to a customer VPN identification. The apparatus determines whether the apparatus recognizes the destination option type of the upper layer packet. The apparatus discards the upper layer packet on a condition that the apparatus does not recognize the destination option type. The apparatus decapsulates the upper layer packet into a lower layer packet and transmits the decapsulated packet to a destination on a condition that the apparatus recognizes the destination option type.

Abstract: An Ethernet switch can receive an internet protocol query packet generated by a receiver for collecting telemetry data between a source and the receiver in a multicast network, translate the internet protocol query packet to an Ethernet query packet, collect in the Ethernet query packet telemetry data from the Ethernet switch where at least one telemetry field of the Ethernet Switch includes an arrival time of the Ethernet query packet at the Ethernet switch, and submit the Ethernet query packet to the next network element of the multicast network. An internet protocol router can receive an Ethernet query packet generated by an Ethernet switch having at least one field for telemetry for collecting telemetry data between a source and a receiver, translate the Ethernet query packet to an internet protocol query packet, and submit the internet protocol query packet to the next network element. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Communications between a source and a destination include receiving, at an egress edge device from an ingress edge device, an upper layer packet including a virtual private network identification identifying a destination. The upper layer packet is authenticated at the egress edge device using the virtual private network identification by comparing the virtual private network identification against an expectation for the upper layer packet. Upon authentication, the upper layer packet is decapsulated into a lower layer packet for the destination.

Abstract: An Ethernet switch can receive an internet protocol query packet generated by a receiver for collecting telemetry data between a source and the receiver in a multicast network, translate the internet protocol query packet to an Ethernet query packet, collect in the Ethernet query packet telemetry data from the Ethernet switch where at least one telemetry field of the Ethernet Switch includes an arrival time of the Ethernet query packet at the Ethernet switch, and submit the Ethernet query packet to the next network element of the multicast network. An internet protocol router can receive an Ethernet query packet generated by an Ethernet switch having at least one field for telemetry for collecting telemetry data between a source and a receiver, translate the Ethernet query packet to an internet protocol query packet, and submit the internet protocol query packet to the next network element. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: An Ethernet switch can receive an internet protocol query packet generated by a receiver for collecting telemetry data between a source and the receiver in a multicast network, translate the internet protocol query packet to an Ethernet query packet, collect in the Ethernet query packet telemetry data from the Ethernet switch where at least one telemetry field of the Ethernet Switch includes an arrival time of the Ethernet query packet at the Ethernet switch, and submit the Ethernet query packet to the next network element of the multicast network. An internet protocol router can receive an Ethernet query packet generated by an Ethernet switch having at least one field for telemetry for collecting telemetry data between a source and a receiver, translate the Ethernet query packet to an internet protocol query packet, and submit the internet protocol query packet to the next network element. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Communications between a source and a destination include receiving, at an egress edge device from an ingress edge device, an upper layer packet including a virtual private network identification identifying a destination. The upper layer packet is authenticated at the egress edge device using the virtual private network identification by comparing the virtual private network identification against an expectation for the upper layer packet. Upon authentication, the upper layer packet is decapsulated into a lower layer packet for the destination.

Abstract: Communications between a source and a destination include receiving, at an egress edge device from an ingress edge device, an upper layer packet including a virtual private network identification identifying a destination. The upper layer packet is authenticated at the egress edge device using the virtual private network identification by comparing the virtual private network identification against an expectation for the upper layer packet. Upon authentication, the upper layer packet is decapsulated into a lower layer packet for the destination.

Abstract: An Ethernet switch can receive an internet protocol query packet generated by a receiver for collecting telemetry data between a source and the receiver in a multicast network, translate the internet protocol query packet to an Ethernet query packet, collect in the Ethernet query packet telemetry data from the Ethernet switch where at least one telemetry field of the Ethernet Switch includes an arrival time of the Ethernet query packet at the Ethernet switch, and submit the Ethernet query packet to the next network element of the multicast network. An internet protocol router can receive an Ethernet query packet generated by an Ethernet switch having at least one field for telemetry for collecting telemetry data between a source and a receiver, translate the Ethernet query packet to an internet protocol query packet, and submit the internet protocol query packet to the next network element. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: An Ethernet switch can receive an internet protocol query packet generated by a receiver for collecting telemetry data between a source and the receiver in a multicast network, translate the internet protocol query packet to an Ethernet query packet, collect in the Ethernet query packet telemetry data from the Ethernet switch where at least one telemetry field of the Ethernet Switch includes an arrival time of the Ethernet query packet at the Ethernet switch, and submit the Ethernet query packet to the next network element of the multicast network. An internet protocol router can receive an Ethernet query packet generated by an Ethernet switch having at least one field for telemetry for collecting telemetry data between a source and a receiver, translate the Ethernet query packet to an internet protocol query packet, and submit the internet protocol query packet to the next network element. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a system that can receive a group of channels (at least one of which includes an I-frame) from a DSL network, a memory that can store the I-frames, and a channel change detector that can detect a user's selection of a particular channel. If the memory contains the I-frame corresponding to the particular channel and if an I-frame has not been received from the DSL network, then the system provides the stored I-frame from the memory to the user.

Abstract: Communications between a source and a destination include receiving, at an egress edge device from an ingress edge device, an upper layer packet including a virtual private network identification identifying a destination. The upper layer packet is authenticated at the egress edge device using the virtual private network identification by comparing the virtual private network identification against an expectation for the upper layer packet. Upon authentication, the upper layer packet is decapsulated into a lower layer packet for the destination.

Abstract: A method for communicating between a source and a destination in a service provider internet protocol network includes receiving, at an egress edge device from an ingress edge device on the service provider internet protocol network, an upper layer packet comprising data received in turn from the source and encapsulated in accordance with a service provider format into the upper layer packet. The upper layer packet includes a virtual private network identification identifying a destination. The method also includes authenticating the upper layer packet at the egress edge device using the virtual private network identification. Upon authentication, the upper layer packet is decapsulated into a lower layer packet for the destination.

Abstract: A method for communicating between a source and a destination in a service provider internet protocol network includes receiving, at an egress edge device from an ingress edge device on the service provider internet protocol network, an upper layer packet comprising data received in turn from the source and encapsulated in accordance with a service provider format into the upper layer packet. The upper layer packet includes a virtual private network identification identifying a destination. The method also includes authenticating the upper layer packet at the egress edge device using the virtual private network identification. Upon authentication, the upper layer packet is decapsulated into a lower layer packet for the destination.