Abstract: Part load operating point for a controlled auto-ignition four-stroke internal combustion engine is reduced without compromising combustion stability through a valve control operative to establish low pressure conditions within the combustion chamber into which fuel and exhaust gases are introduced. Combustion chamber pressures during the intake cycle are controlled lower as engine load decreases. Combusted gases are recirculated into the combustion chamber through a variety of internal and external recirculation mechanizations. A split-injection fuel control is implemented during low part load operation whereas a single-injection fuel control is implemented during intermediate and high part load operation. Split-injections are characterized by lean fuel/air ratios and single-injections are characterized by either lean or stoichiometric fuel/air ratios. Controlled autoignition is thereby enabled through an extended range of engine loads while maintaining acceptable combustion stability and emissions.

Abstract: Low load operating point for a controlled auto-ignition four-stroke internal combustion engine is reduced without compromising combustion stability through a valve control operative to establish sub-atmospheric pressure conditions within the combustion chamber into which fuel and exhaust gases are introduced. A split-injection control operative to introduce a first fuel fraction into the combustion chamber during an intake stroke and a second fuel fraction into the combustion chamber during a compression event, in combination with the valve control, provides further reductions in low load operating points without compromising combustion stability.

Abstract: A four-stroke internal combustion engine is operated in controlled auto-ignition mode by any of a variety of valve control strategies conducive to controlled auto-ignition conditions in conjunction with in-cylinder fuel charges that are at either stoichiometric or lean of stoichiometric air-fuel ratios. A measure of engine NOx emission is provided and when it crosses a predetermined threshold, the in-cylinder fuel charge is transitioned from the operative one of the stoichiometric or lean of stoichiometric air-fuel ratios to the inoperative one of the stoichiometric or lean of stoichiometric air-fuel ratios.

Abstract: Part load operating point for a controlled auto-ignition four-stroke internal combustion engine is reduced without compromising combustion stability through load dependent valve controls and fueling strategies. Optimal fuel economy is achieved by employing negative valve overlap to trap and re-compress combusted gases below a predetermined engine load and employing exhaust gas re-breathing above the predetermined engine load. Split-injection fuel controls are implemented during low and intermediate part load operation whereas a single-injection fuel control is implemented during high part load operation. Split-injections are characterized by lean fuel/air ratios and single-injections are characterized by either lean or stoichiometric fuel/air ratios. Controlled autoignition is thereby enabled through an extended range of engine loads while maintaining acceptable combustion stability and emissions at optimal fuel economy.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for expanding the mid load operation limit in a four-stroke gasoline direct-injection controlled auto-ignition combustion engine. A system is employed for variably actuating the intake and exhaust valves and for operating the valves with an exhaust re-compression or exhaust re-breathing valve strategy. A spark plug is provided. A fuel injector having multiple injection capability is employed. A first fuel charge is injected into the combustion chamber to form a lean air-fuel mixture. A second fuel charge is injected into the combustion chamber to form a stratified air-fuel mixture having an ignitable mixture located near the spark plug.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for expanding the mid load range of a four-stroke gasoline direct-injection controlled auto-ignition combustion engine. The engine includes at least one cylinder containing a piston reciprocably connected with a crank and defining a variable volume combustion chamber including an intake valve controlling communication with an air intake and an exhaust valve controlling communication with an exhaust outlet. A system is employed for variably actuating the intake and exhaust valves. The valve actuating system is employable to operate the intake and exhaust valves with an exhaust re-compression or an exhaust re-breathing valve strategy. A reservoir chamber in communication with the combustion chamber is provided for temporary holding of residual burned gas. Residual burned gas in the combustion chamber and the exhaust outlet enters into the reservoir chamber and then loses thermal energy while in the reservoir chamber before being drawn back into the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for controlling the air-fuel ratio in a four-stroke gasoline direct-injection controlled auto-ignition combustion. The engine is operated with two sequential pairs of expansion and contraction strokes during two revolutions of the engine crank, the two revolutions defining a combustion cycle. A system is employed for variably actuating the intake and exhaust valves and adjusting the flow of air and burned gases entering the combustion chamber. Adjusting the flow affects the resulting air-fuel ratio in the combustion chamber. The valve actuating system is employable to operate the intake and exhaust valves with an exhaust re-compression or an exhaust re-breathing valve strategy. Either valve strategy affects the air-fuel ratio in the cylinder and causes a proportion of burned gases from previous combustion cycles to be retained in the cylinder to provide the necessary conditions for auto-ignition of the air-fuel mixture.

Abstract: A method of operating a four-stroke gasoline direct-injection controlled auto-ignition combustion engine includes opening both the intake and exhaust valves during terminal portions of the expansion strokes and initial portions of the contraction strokes, injecting fuel directly into the combustion chamber for mixing with retained gases and igniting the fuel near the ends of the contraction strokes. In the process, combustion gases are expanded to produce power during major portions of the expansion strokes, combusted gases are blown down into the exhaust outlet and the air inlet and are partially redrawn into the cylinder with fresh air during the terminal portions of the expansion strokes so the air charges are heated by the hot exhaust gases. Portions of the charges re-expelled and the remaining portions of the charges and injected fuel are compressed for ignition of the dilute fuel/air and exhaust gas mixture. Substantial reductions of NOx emissions result from the method.

Abstract: Low load operating point for a direct-injection controlled auto-ignition four-stroke internal combustion engine is reduced without compromising combustion stability through a split-injection control operative to introduce a first fuel fraction, air and exhaust gases into the combustion chamber during an intake event and a second fuel fraction into the combustion chamber during a compression event.

Abstract: A flash memory cell includes a first conductive type substrate, a stacked gate structure, a first conductive type source/drain region, a metal silicide layer, an inter-layer dielectric layer and a contact plug. The first conductive type substrate has a second conductive type shallow well already formed thereon. The metal silicide layer is disposed within the first conductive type drain region. The contact plug is disposed within the inter-layer dielectric layer and electrically connected with the metal silicide layer in the first conductive type drain region to reduce resistance between the contact plug, the first conductive type drain region and the second conductive type shallow well and increase read-out speed of the flash memory.

Abstract: A combustion chamber for an internal combustion engine includes a closed end cylinder having an axis. A piston is reciprocable in the cylinder and includes a generally flat rim having an inner edge surrounding a recessed bowl into which the fuel is primarily injected, the bowl having a floor and a surrounding side formed by an arcuate surface connecting tangentially with the floor and extending to the rim inner edge. A spark plug has a centerline through the spark gap and is offset to one side of the cylinder axis with the spark gap extending into the combustion chamber toward the axis. A fuel injector is offset to an opposite side of the axis with the spray tip aimed to direct a generally conical fuel spray into the piston bowl with a portion of the fuel spray passing near the spark gap. Various dimensional characteristics are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to power supplies, methods of installing power supplies, power distribution systems and methods of installing power distribution systems. More particularly, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a power distribution system for receiving AC current from an AC current source and for distributing DC current inside of a computer case.

Abstract: A location awareness system for a wireless local area network (WLAN). The location awareness system of the present invention allows the infrastructure owner to control the content and method of location related information. The location information translation is performed by the local area server, thus private information is protected inside the WLAN, hidden from to the public presence server. The location awareness system comprises an area agent, a local area server, and a presence server. The area agent obtains location information by providing the area tag to the local area server, and only submits the authorized location information (location awareness information) to the presence server either directly or by the local area server. The present invention further comprises a relay as a cache between the area agent and the local area server.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer instructions for storing data relating to the switch in a context switch history containing a number of prior context switches occurring prior to a current context. The storing of data occurs in response to a change in context for a direct memory access resource. Portions of the direct memory access chain of requests are freed using the context switch history to form freed portions, wherein the freed portions are reused for requests.

Abstract: A triggering method for IP multimedia service control. The triggering method comprises examining a SIP response message received by a S-CSCF according to a set of response Filter Criteria (rFC), and subsequently recording a corresponding SIP request message and re-issuing the SIP request message to an application server designated by the rFC if the SIP response message matches the Service Point Triggers (SPTs) of the rFC. The S-CSCF examines the SPTs of the rFC one by one according to their indicated priority. The rFC scheme is useful when the application servers are triggered according to the SIP response message, and is compatible with the iFC scheme. The rFC scheme of the present invention improves the efficiency for call establishment as well as improving the flexibility of the S-CSCF.

Abstract: A device includes a plurality of luminance adjustment tables, a luminance analysis unit for analyzing a luminance distribution of a plurality of pixels of a source video, and a dynamic luminance curve fitting unit electrically connected to the luminance analysis unit and the luminance adjustment tables for adjusting luminance levels of the pixels of the video based on one of the luminance adjustment tables selected according to the luminance distribution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to power supplies and methods of installing power supplies.

Abstract: A triggering method for IP multimedia service control. The triggering method comprises monitoring a session state or user state according to a set of specific filter criteria, recording a corresponding SIP request message, and triggering an application server designated by the criteria if a trigger point thereof matches the session state or user state. Furthermore, the SIP-server performs additional action effectively manage the session or services according to the Action defined in the user profile. The scheme is suited to application services triggered according to session state or user state, and is compatible with the iFC scheme defined in 3GPP. The present invention improves the efficiency of communication and enhances the flexibility of the SIP server.

Abstract: A method of using high temperature plasma to disintegrate waste containing titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) comprises heating a mixture of titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc), a vitrifying material and selected waste soil to a temperature of 1,220° C. to 10,000° C. until the mixture becomes molten lava. The plasma breaks down the titanyl phthalocyanine and encapsulates the benign products in the lava that is chemically very stable. Since the titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) is disintegrated completely in the process, the titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) no longer represents a threat to the environmental.

Abstract: A system for monitoring wafer throughput per hour in a wafer furnace includes a database, an analysis unit, a comparison unit, and an output unit. The database includes two or more operation histories of the wafer furnace. The analysis unit is coupled to the database. The analysis unit includes logic that retrieves at least one operation history from the database, determines a standard process time and a specification range for the retrieved operation history, and receives a current process time for the current process. The comparison unit, which is coupled to the analysis unit, includes logic that compares the standard process time and the specification range to the current process time. The output unit, which is coupled to the comparison unit, includes logic that outputs a comparison result. A method for monitoring wafer throughput per hour in a wafer furnace also is described.