Abstract: The present disclosure describes an apparatus with a local interconnect structure. The apparatus can include a first transistor, a second transistor, a first interconnect structure, a second interconnect structure, and a third interconnect structure. The local interconnect structure can be coupled to gate terminals of the first and second transistors and routed at a same interconnect level as reference metal lines coupled to ground and a power supply voltage. The first interconnect structure can be coupled to a source/drain terminal of the first transistor and routed above the local interconnect structure. The second interconnect structure can be coupled to a source/drain terminal of the second transistor and routed above the local interconnect structure. The third interconnect structure can be routed above the local interconnect structure and at a same interconnect level as the first and second interconnect structures.

Abstract: An electrodialysis method for the treatment of silicate-containing potassium hydroxide etching waste solution is provided. The method comprises: providing a reaction tank including a cathode, an anode, and two cation dialysis membranes, wherein the reaction tank is divided by the cation dialysis membranes into a cathode chamber, an anode chamber and a waste solution disposing chamber located therebetween; filling a sulfuric acid solution into the anode chamber; filling a potassium hydroxide solution into the cathode chamber; introducing a silicate-containing potassium hydroxide etching waste solution into the waste solution disposing chamber; and applying a voltage and a current density to each of the chambers to render potassium ions to transport from the waste solution chamber through the cation dialysis membrane to the cathode chamber.

Abstract: An electrodialysis method for the treatment of silicate-containing potassium hydroxide etching waste solution is provided. The method comprises: providing a reaction tank including a cathode, an anode, and two cation dialysis membranes, wherein the reaction tank is divided by the cation dialysis membranes into a cathode chamber, an anode chamber and a waste solution disposing chamber located therebetween; filling a sulfuric acid solution into the anode chamber; filling a potassium hydroxide solution into the cathode chamber; introducing a silicate-containing potassium hydroxide etching waste solution into the waste solution disposing chamber; and applying a voltage and a current density to each of the chambers to render potassium ions to transport from the waste solution chamber through the cation dialysis membrane to the cathode chamber.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to black multi-layer coatings for metallic substrates (1) or substrates having a metallic coating (2) and to articles covered, or partially covered with such coatings. The black coating consists of a black first layer (3) substantially comprised of nickel and a second polymeric silicate inorganic layer (4). The present invention may additionally have a third layer comprised substantially of organic constituents (5). This invention offers properties currently unavailable or insufficient in existing technologies. The present invention provides enhanced corrosion resistant, adherent black coatings which are thin enough to allow application to fasteners while providing a uniform black color, the combination of which have only been available previously with the use of hexavalent or trivalent chromium conversion coatings.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to black multi-layer coatings for metallic substrates (1) or substrates having a metallic coating (2) and to articles covered, or partially covered with such coatings. The black coating consists of a black first layer (3) substantially comprised of nickel and a second polymeric silicate inorganic layer (4). The present invention may additionally have a third layer comprised substantially of organic constituents (5). This invention offers properties currently unavailable or insufficient in existing technologies. The present invention provides enhanced corrosion resistant, adherent black coatings which are thin enough to allow application to fasteners while providing a uniform black color, the combination of which have only been available previously with the use of hexavalent or trivalent chromium conversion coatings.