Abstract: A flip-chip light-emitting diode includes a first conductivity type semiconductor layer, a light-emitting layer, a second conductivity type semiconductor layer, a first transparent dielectric layer, a second transparent dielectric layer, and a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structure which are sequentially stacked. The first transparent dielectric layer has a thickness greater than ?/2n1, and the second transparent dielectric layer has a thickness of m?/4n2, wherein m is an odd number, ? is an emission wavelength of the light-emitting layer, n1 is a refractive index of the first transparent dielectric layer, and n2 is a refractive index of the second transparent dielectric layer and is greater than n1.

Abstract: The structure, formation and use of blocked antibodies, especially those blocked with Protein A, or active fragments of Protein A, are disclosed as well as processes of producing such antibodies. The uses of such blocked antibodies to achieve significant reduction in both specific cross-reaction and non-specific interaction thereby increasing specificity and reactivity with targeted antigenic sites is also described.

Abstract: The structure, formation and use of blocked antibodies, especially those blocked with Protein A, or active fragments of Protein A, are disclosed as well as processes of producing such antibodies. The uses of such blocked antibodies to achieve significant reduction in both specific cross-reaction and non-specific interaction thereby increasing specificity and reactivity with targeted antigenic sites is also described.

Abstract: The structure, formation and use of blocked antibodies, especially those blocked with Protein A, or active fragments of Protein A, are disclosed as well as processes of producing such antibodies. The uses of such blocked antibodies to achieve significant reduction in both specific cross-reaction and non-specific interaction thereby increasing specificity and reactivity with targeted antigenic sites is also described.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions containing antibody conjugates made up of an antibody fragment and a biomolecule. The biomolecule is coupled to the antibody fragment via a reactive chemical group such that the coupling between the biomolecule and the antibody fragment is resistant to reducing agents. Reactive chemical groups include sulfhydryl groups, amino groups, carboxyl groups, and imidazole groups. The reactive chemical group can be in the hinge region of the antibody fragment. This location reduces or eliminates interference between the antibody/antigen interaction and the biomolecule. The biomolecule can be coupled to the antibody fragment via a maleimide group. The antibody fragment preferably is a half antibody or a F(ab′)2. Half antibodies can be produced by reducing an antibody to break disulfide bonds.