Abstract: The invention proposes a pH monitoring device 10 comprising a chamber 107 for containing a solution; a polymer 105 being immersed in the solution, wherein the physical state of the polymer is changeable in dependence on whether the pH of the solution exceeds a threshold value; and a detector 109 for detecting the change of the physical state of the polymer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for broadcasting television programs, in particular to a method and apparatus for inserting an advertisement into a broadcast television program. An object of the invention is to provide a method for inserting an advertisement segment into a television program of an Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) channel, the method comprises the steps of: receiving a request from a user that asks for viewing the television program; monitoring the viewing behavior of the user toward the IPTV channel according to an advertisement policy of the IPTV channel, the advertisement policy comprising providing an advertisement segment based on the user's viewing behavior on the IPTV channel; determining whether the monitored viewing behavior matches the advertisement policy; if the monitored viewing behavior matches the advertisement policy, inserting the advertisement segment into the television program.