Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of formula (Ib), wherein R1 to R3, M and L are as described herein, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomers and diastereomers thereof, and compositions including the compounds and methods of using the compounds.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for preparing liquid maltitol and liquid polyols from a raffinate including maltitol. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining a hydrogenated liquid by hydrogenating a pre-treated raffinate including maltitol, obtaining a post-treated liquid by post-treatment of the hydrogenated liquid to remove impurities, obtaining a dilute liquid and a concentrated maltitol solution by membrane-separation of the post-treated liquid, and using the dilute liquid as the liquid polyols, and obtaining the liquid maltitol by mixing the concentrated maltitol solution with a prepared maltitol solution with a maltitol content of over 50%, wherein the liquid maltitol has a maltitol content greater than or equal to 50% and meets a standard. Before the membrane separation process, the present disclosure reduces the reducing sugar content in the liquid by hydrogenation to lower the risk of yellowing during the process and to improve the quality of the final product.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for preparing liquid maltitol and liquid polyols from a raffinate including maltitol. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining a hydrogenated liquid by hydrogenating a pre-treated raffinate including maltitol, obtaining a post-treated liquid by post-treatment of the hydrogenated liquid to remove impurities, obtaining a dilute liquid and a concentrated maltitol solution by membrane-separation of the post-treated liquid, and using the dilute liquid as the liquid polyols, and obtaining the liquid maltitol by mixing the concentrated maltitol solution with a prepared maltitol solution with a maltitol content of over 50%, wherein the liquid maltitol has a maltitol content greater than or equal to 50% and meets a standard. Before the membrane separation process, the present disclosure reduces the reducing sugar content in the liquid by hydrogenation to lower the risk of yellowing during the process and to improve the quality of the final product.

Abstract: Provided herein are compositions and methods for the treatment and of neurodegenerative disorders and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. In particular, A2a receptor antagonists are provided, as well as methods for the use of A2a receptor antagonists in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Parkinsons disease) and the treatment and/or prevention levodopa-induced dyskinesias associated with such treatment.

Abstract: Provided herein are compositions and methods for the treatment and of neurodegenerative disorders and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. In particular, A2a receptor antagonists are provided, as well as methods for the use of A2a receptor antagonists in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Parkinsons disease) and the treatment and/or prevention levodopa-induced dyskinesias associated with such treatment.

Abstract: Provided herein are compositions and methods for the treatment and prevention of levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID). In particular, M4 muscarinic receptor (M4R) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) are administered to reduce dyskinetic behavior.

Abstract: Provided herein are compositions and methods for the treatment and prevention of levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID). In particular, M4 muscarinic receptor (M4R) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) are administered to reduce dyskinetic behavior.