Abstract: A process for joining a stainless steel part and a silicon carbide ceramic part, comprising steps of: providing a stainless steel part, a SiC ceramic part, and a Al foil; bringing surfaces of the stainless steel part, SiC ceramic part, and Al foil into contact, with the titanium foil inserted between the metal part and ceramic part; applying a pulsed electric current to the stainless steel part, SiC ceramic part, and Al foil, heating the stainless steel part, SiC ceramic part, and Al foil to a joining temperature of about 500-650° C., and simultaneously applying a joining pressure of about 50-100 MPa to the stainless steel part, SiC ceramic part, and Al foil while the current is applied, and maintaining the joining temperature and the joining pressure for about 10-30 minutes.

Abstract: A surface hardened substrate includes a base, a transition layer disposed on a surface of the base, and a hard layer disposed on the transition layer. The transition layer includes at least two kinds of transition metals. The hard layer includes a composite that comprises the at least two kinds of transition metals and a nonmetal.

Abstract: A surface hardened substrate includes a base, a transition layer disposed on a surface of the base, and a hard layer disposed on the transition layer. The transition layer includes at least two kinds of transition metals. The hard layer includes an alloy and a nonmetal. The alloy includes the at least two kinds of transition metals.