Abstract: According to various aspects, a blockchain entity is described herein to include a receiver configured to receive a digital signature of a certification entity for a cooperation between the blockchain entity and an off-chain device, a validity checker configured to check whether the digital signature for the cooperation is valid, and a controller configured to perform the cooperation with the off-chain device if the digital signature for the cooperation is valid.

Abstract: Herein is disclosed a neural network controller, configured to implement a neural network, the neural network including: a first layer; one or more second layers; and a third layer; wherein each layer of the first layer, the one or more second layers, and the third layer includes one or more nodes; wherein at least one node of the one or more second layers is configured to provide an output value at a first level of precision; wherein the neural network controller is configured to implement a precision reduction function to reduce an output value of at least one node of the third layer to a second level of precision; and wherein the second level of precision is less precise than the first level of precision.

Abstract: A method for signing a blockchain transaction comprises associating an associated key with a master key of a blockchain and generating, on behalf of the master key, a transaction for the blockchain using the associated key.

Abstract: According to various aspects, a blockchain entity is described herein to include a receiver configured to receive a digital signature of a certification entity for a cooperation between the blockchain entity and an off-chain device, a validity checker configured to check whether the digital signature for the cooperation is valid, and a controller configured to perform the cooperation with the off-chain device if the digital signature for the cooperation is valid.