Abstract: A compound double coaxial line atmospheric pressure low-temperature microwave plasma jet source includes an outer coaxial line, and an inner coaxial line arranged inside the outer coaxial line. The outer coaxial line includes a tube body. A metal tube is arranged in the tube body. A short-circuit plunger is arranged at the bottom of the metal tube. The inner coaxial line includes a needle electrode, and the needle electrode is arranged in the metal tube. A first gas inlet is arranged on the tube body, and the first gas inlet is connected between the tube body and the metal tube. A second gas inlet is arranged at the bottom of the metal tube, and the second gas inlet is connected between the metal tube and the needle electrode. The tube body is further provided with a microwave input port, and the microwave input port is connected to the metal tube.

Abstract: A compound double coaxial line atmospheric pressure low-temperature microwave plasma jet source includes an outer coaxial line, and an inner coaxial line arranged inside the outer coaxial line. The outer coaxial line includes a tube body. A metal tube is arranged in the tube body. A short-circuit plunger is arranged at the bottom of the metal tube. The inner coaxial line includes a needle electrode, and the needle electrode is arranged in the metal tube. A first gas inlet is arranged on the tube body, and the first gas inlet is connected between the tube body and the metal tube. A second gas inlet is arranged at the bottom of the metal tube, and the second gas inlet is connected between the metal tube and the needle electrode. The tube body is further provided with a microwave input port, and the microwave input port is connected to the metal tube.

Abstract: A social networking system selects and presents content items to a user via a feed. Additionally, the social networking system predicts heights associated with various content items, such as content items selected for presentation via the feed. Characteristics of a content item (e.g., a type of content included in the content item, a language of the content item, and a number of comments associated with the content item) as well as characteristics of a client device associated with the user are used to predict a height associated with the content item. When selecting content items for presentation to the user, the social networking system accounts for the predicted heights of various content items to increase the likelihood of the user interacting with content items presented via the feed.

Abstract: A social networking system associates one or more objects in the social networking system with a link to content external to the social networking system. This allows information about the object to be used as a proxy for information about the external content. An index associating objects in the social networking system with links to content external to the social networking system is maintained. A received link to external content are parsed into components, such as a domain name, a path, and a query string, and the components are compared to the index to identify an object associated with one or more of the comments of the received link. One or more rules may be applied to increase the likelihood of the identified object having similar subject matter as the external content.

Abstract: An online system presents different content items to different sets of users to evaluate how changes to content or changes to the online system affect user interaction with the content items or presentation of the content items. However, if the online system receives compensation for presenting different content items, the online system may receive a disproportionate amount of compensation for presenting one of the content items that improves user interaction. To prevent such disproportionate allocation of compensation between presentation of different contents items, the online system allocates sets of users to whom different content items are eligible to be presented to maintain a specified budget for presenting the different content items. The online system also differently allocates users across sets to whom different content items are eligible for presentation to prevent biasing of users from presentation of other different content items to users done in parallel.

Abstract: A social networking system selects and presents content items to a user via a feed. Additionally, the social networking system predicts heights associated with various content items, such as content items selected for presentation via the feed. Characteristics of a content item (e.g., a type of content included in the content item, a language of the content item, and a number of comments associated with the content item) as well as characteristics of a client device associated with the user are used to predict a height associated with the content item. When selecting content items for presentation to the user, the social networking system accounts for the predicted heights of various content items when ordering the content items in the news feed.

Abstract: This invention is particularly addressing a novel method to grow two dimensional carbon nanomaterials. Using our technologies, only solid state carbon sources are used as feedstock to grow this kind of carbon nanomaterials, while no hydrocarbon gases or other carbon contained gases are required as feedstock. This invention can also be applied to grow non-carbon-based two dimensional nanomaterials, with obvious advantages of reducing manufacturing cost and enhancing growth rate.

Abstract: A social networking system selects and presents content items to a user via a feed. Additionally, the social networking system predicts heights associated with various content items, such as content items selected for presentation via the feed. Characteristics of a content item (e.g., a type of content included in the content item, a language of the content item, and a number of comments associated with the content item) as well as characteristics of a client device associated with the user are used to predict a height associated with the content item. When selecting content items for presentation to the user, the social networking system accounts for the predicted heights of various content items to increase the likelihood of the user interacting with content items presented via the feed.

Abstract: A social networking system selects and presents content items to a user via a feed. Additionally, the social networking system predicts heights associated with various content items, such as content items selected for presentation via the feed. Characteristics of a content item (e.g., a type of content included in the content item, a language of the content item, and a number of comments associated with the content item) as well as characteristics of a client device associated with the user are used to predict a height associated with the content item. When selecting content items for presentation to the user, the social networking system accounts for the predicted heights of various content items when ordering the content items in the news feed.

Abstract: An advertiser specifies an advertising campaign including one or more targeting criteria for presentation to users of an online system, which retrieves information describing previously completed advertisement auctions for presenting advertisement to users of the online system satisfying one or more of the targeting criteria. Based on the retrieved information, the online system associates various bid amounts with the advertising campaign and determines the advertising campaign's estimated performance for various bid amounts. For each bid amount, the online system determines a number of previously completed advertisement auctions that would have selected an advertisement from the advertising campaign, an amount that would have been charged to the advertiser if an advertisement campaign was selected, and a number of distinct users that would have been presented with an advertisement from the advertising campaign.

Abstract: An advertising system predicts advertisement reach for a received advertisement request based on an advertiser-specified bid amount and a specification of a target audience. The system samples the target audience, and for each sampled user of the target audience, accesses a recent impression history to obtain costs or bids associated with recent advertisement impressions. The system compares the advertiser-specified bid amount in the received advertisement request to costs or bid values associated with successful advertisement impressions, for each sampled user, in order to determine whether the received advertisement request would have won a bid auction for each given sampled user to successfully reach each given sampled user. An estimated aggregate reach for the sampled users is computed and extrapolated to the targeted user population to estimate a total reach of the advertisement content for the target audience.

Abstract: An advertising system receives from an advertiser at a social networking system an advertisement request, the advertisement request comprising advertisement content and a specification of a target audience for the advertisement content. The advertising system defines a plurality of bid values for the advertisement request. For each of the plurality of bid values, the advertisement system estimates a corresponding value of advertisement reach for the target audience, for example, by estimating a number of users of the target audience for each of whom the given bid value is expected to have resulted in at least one successful impression. The advertiser is provided a visual representation of a bid-reach landscape representing the estimated plurality of advertisement reach values as a function of the plurality of bid values. The advertising system provides, to the advertiser, one or more recommendations for bid values for which corresponding return-on-investment metrics exceed a specified threshold.

Abstract: A social networking system associates one or more objects in the social networking system with a link to content external to the social networking system. This allows information about the object to be used as a proxy for information about the external content. An index associating objects in the social networking system with links to content external to the social networking system is maintained. A received link to external content are parsed into components, such as a domain name, a path, and a query string, and the components are compared to the index to identify an object associated with one or more of the comments of the received link. One or more rules may be applied to increase the likelihood of the identified object having similar subject matter as the external content.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses and systems for generating a name-word dictionary that includes associations between names of users and candidate words (e.g., nicknames) based on statistical analysis of user communications observed at a network communications facility, such as a social network system, an email provider and the like.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses and systems for generating a nickname dictionary that includes associations between names of users and candidate nicknames based on statistical analysis of user communications observed at a network communications facility, such as a social network system, an email provider and the like.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus are provided to train a usefulness prediction model to generate a usefulness prediction in connection with a given universal resource locator (URL), the training of the usefulness prediction model being based on a training set of URLs and a count of negative URLs and a count of positive URLs identified by the training set, and for each feature extacted from the URLs in the training set, a count of the positive URLs in the training set that include the feature and a count of the negative URLs in the training set that include the feature. One or more features of the given URL are extracted, and the extracted features are used together with the usefulness prediction model to generate a usefulness prediction for the given URL.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus are provided to train a usefulness prediction model to generate a usefulness prediction in connection with a given universal resource locator (URL), the training of the usefulness prediction model being based on a training set of URLs and a count of negative URLs and a count of positive URLs identified by the training set, and for each feature extacted from the URLs in the training set, a count of the positive URLs in the training set that include the feature and a count of the negative URLs in the training set that include the feature. One or more features of the given URL are extracted, and the extracted features are used together with the usefulness prediction model to generate a usefulness prediction for the given URL.